2. Community College of Rhode Island http://faculty.ccri.edu/kamontgomery/anatomy_laboratory_resources.htm accessed 16.09.07 Stimulus and Response Stimulus and Response Perception of Stimuli Perception of Stimuli Innate and Learned Behaviour Innate and Learned Behaviour Neurotransmitters and Synapses Neurotransmitters and Synapses The Human Brain The Human Brain Further Studies of Behaviour Further Studies of Behaviour

3. Webshots http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004526.html accessed 05.02.09 A. Stimulus and Response A. Stimulus and Response B. Neurons B. Neurons C. The Reflex Arc C. The Reflex Arc D. Selection of Responses D. Selection of Responses

4. A. Stimulus and Response 1. Define the terms stimulus, response, and reflex in the context of animal behaviour a. a stimulus is a change in the environment (internal or external) that is detected by a receptor and elicits a response b. a reflex is a rapid, unconscious response _ FastThing http://fasthing.blogspot.com/2008/07/fastest-animal-reflex.html accessed 03.02.09

5. B. Neurons 1. Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses and effectors in the response of animals to stimuli_ ThinkQuest http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126536/main.php?currentchap=1&currentsect=neuron.htm accessed 03.02.09

6. 1. A reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex includes a. the spinal cord and its spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector b. include white and grey matter, and ventral and dorsal roots_ C. The Reflex Arc teachnet.ie http://www.teachnet.ie/farmnet/Nervous.htm accessed 03.02.09 Think

7. D. Selection of Responses 1. Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples a. European blackcaps b. Daphnia_ Birding Kuwait http://www.hawar-islands.com/blog/14_stub.php/2007/04/ accessed 03.02..09

8. D. Selection of Responses 1. Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples a. European blackcaps b. Daphnia_ Birding Kuwait http://www.hawar-islands.com/blog/14_stub.php/2007/04/ accessed 03.02..09 THERE ARE MANY POOR EXAMPLES OF SUPPOSED LINKS BETWEEN ANIMAL RESPONSES AND NATURAL SELECTION. IT IS EASY FOR US TO GUESS HOW THE BEHAVIOUR OF AN ANIMAL MIGHT INFLUENCE ITS CHANCE OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM CAREFULLY CONTROLLED TRIALS IS ALWAYS NEEDED TO BACK UP OUR INTUITIONS. Theory of Knowledge TOK

10. 1. A reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex includes a. the spinal cord and its spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector b. include white and grey matter, and ventral and dorsal roots_ C. The Reflex Arc teachnet.ie http://www.teachnet.ie/farmnet/Nervous.htm accessed 03.02.09 Think A. Allott, Biology IB Study Guide, Oxford University Press 2007 DRAW AND LABEL A REFLEX ARC FOR A PAIN WITHDRAWAL REFLEX, INCLUDING THE SPINAL CORD AND ITS SPINAL NERVES, THE RECEPTOR CELL, SENSORY NEURON, RELAY NEURON, MOTOR NEURON AND EFFECTOR INCLUDE WHITE AND GREY MATTER, AND VENTRAL AND DORSAL ROOTS TIMES UP!

11. The Flying Kiwi http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Spiders/index.html accessed 03.02.09 A. Sensory Receptors A. Sensory Receptors B. Structure of the Eye B. Structure of the Eye C. Visual Stimuli C. Visual Stimuli D. Ear Structure and Function D. Ear Structure and Function

12. A. Sensory Receptors 1. Human sensory receptors can detect a diversity of stimuli a. mechanoreceptors- detect (movements) sound, pressure, and gravity b. chemoreceptors- detect (chemicals) taste in food/drink and scent in air c. thermoreceptors- detect (heat) temperature d. photoreceptors- detect (electromagnetic radiation) light_ Nikon Small World http://www.nikonsmallworld.com/gallery.php?grouping=year&year=2005&imagepos=43 accessed 23.01.09

13. A. Sensory Receptors 1. Human sensory receptors can detect a diversity of stimuli a. mechanoreceptors- detect (movements) sound, pressure, and gravity b. chemoreceptors- detect (chemicals) taste in food/drink and scent in air c. thermoreceptors- detect (heat) temperature d. photoreceptors- detect (electromagnetic radiation) light_ Nikon Small World http://www.nikonsmallworld.com/gallery.php?grouping=year&year=2005&imagepos=43 accessed 23.01.09 OTHER ORGANISMS CAN DETECT STIMULI THAT HUMANS CANNOT. FOR EXAMPLE, SOME POLLINATORS CAN DETECT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN THE NON-VISIBLE RANGE. AS A CONSEQUENCE, THEY MIGHT PERCEIVE A FLOWER AS PATTERNED WHEN WE PERCEIVE IT AS PLAIN. TO WHAT EXTENT, THEREFORE, IS WHAT WE PERCEIVE MERELY A CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY? TO WHAT EXTENT ARE WE DEPENDENT UPON TECHNOLOGY TO “KNOW” THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD? Theory of Knowledge TOK

14. B. Structure of the Eye 1. The structure of the human eye includes a. the sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, iris, vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve, and blind spot_ Eye Floaters http://www.eye-floaters.com/theeye-howtheeyeworks.php accessed 10.09.07 Play Think

15. 2. Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves a. include names of rod and cone cells, bipolar neurons, and ganglion cells_ HAMwaves http://hamwaves.com/antennas/diel-rod.html accessed 24.01.09 Think

16. University of California http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/courses/vet_eyes/eye_path/epath_overview_index.html accessed 24.01.09 3. Compare rod and cone cells a. use in dim light versus bright light b. one type sensitive to all visible wavelengths versus three types sensitive to red, blue and green light c. passage of impulses from a group of rod cells to a single nerve fibre in the optic nerve versus passage from a single cone cell to a single nerve fibre_

17. University of California http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/courses/vet_eyes/eye_path/epath_overview_index.html accessed 24.01.09 3. Compare rod and cone cells a. use in dim light versus bright light b. one type sensitive to all visible wavelengths versus three types sensitive to red, blue and green light c. passage of impulses from a group of rod cells to a single nerve fibre in the optic nerve versus passage from a single cone cell to a single nerve fibre_ Photoreceptive cell type Rod cellsCone cells Light intensityfunction in dim light function in bright light Wavelength sensitivity all visible wavelengths three types sensitive to red, blue, and green light Passage of impulses a group of rod cells to a single nerve fibre in the optic nerve (gives greater sensitivity in dim light) passage from a single cone cell to a single nerve fibre (gives sharper image in bright light) Click

18. 1. Processing of visual stimuli involves a. light from an object is focused by the lens onto the retina (image is inverted) b. light is absorbed by rods and cones c. these synapse with bipolar neurons which then connect with ganglion cells d. impulses travel along the optic nerves to the brain where the information is processed_ C. Visual Stimuli Losu http://losu.org/magic-illusions/well-known-optical-illusions accessed 24.01.09 Play

19. 2. Edge enhancement occurs within the retina on small areas called receptive fields a. Why do we see grey spots in the “crossings” of the Hermann grid? b. one type of ganglion cell is stimulated if light falls on the center of a receptive field but stimulation is reduced if light also falls on the periphery_ University of Massachusetts http://dragon.uml.edu/psych/hgrid.html accessed 24.01.09

20. c. therefore the “crossing” looks grey due the white patches around it d. the “street” looks whiter due to the dark areas on either side e. this contrast gives the edge enhancement f. the grey “crossings” are most noticeable around the edge of the illusion because the receptive fields are larger at the edge of the retina_ University of Augenklinik http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/lum_herGrid/index.html accessed 24.01.09

21. 3. Contralateral processing a. due to the optic chiasma, where the right brain processes information from the left visual field and vice versa b. can be illustrated by the abnormal perceptions of patients with brain lesions_ Sensation and Perception http://www.skidmore.edu/~hfoley/Perc3.htm accessed 24.01.09

22. D. Ear Structure and Function 1. The structure of the ear includes a. Pinna, eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval window, round window, semicircular canals, auditory nerve, and cochlea_ Word Press http://geneticsandliterature.wordpress.com/page/2/ accessed 28.01.09 Think

23. 2. Sound is perceived by the ear through a combination of the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea_ Patrick Thomas http://www.patrickthomas.com/patrickthomas/site/2006/html/kakejiku.html accessed 31.01.09

24. 3. Eardrum- picks up sound vibrations from the air and transmit them to the middle ear a. sound waves reach the eardrum (end of outer ear) and make it vibrate b. vibrations consist of rapid movements of the eardrum towards and away form the middle ear_ Best for Hearing http://www.bestforhearing.com/about-hearing-loss.html accessed 31.01.09 Play

25. 4. Bones of the middle ear- transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window a. small bones (ossicles) that touch each other b. first attached to eardrum, last attached to oval window c. act as levers- reducing amplitude of wave but increasing force (amplifies 20x)_ Your Medical Source http://www.dltmedwriting.com/portfolio/What%20Is%20Hearing%20Loss.htm accessed 31.01.09

26. d. small size of oval window (compared to eardrum) amplifies sound e. muscles attached to ossicles dampen vibrations to protect from loud sounds_ abc NEWS http://a.abcnews.com/2020/popup?id=3560899&contentIndex=1&page=10&start=false accessed 31.01.09

27. 5. Oval window- transmits sound waves to the fluid filling the cochlea a. membranous structure that moves towards the cochlea 6. Round window- needed so the fluid filling the cochlea can vibrate freely a. membrane structure that moves away from the cochlea b. allows volume to remain constant_ A Review of the Universe http://universe-review.ca/R10-16-ANS.htm accessed 31.01.09

28. 7. Hair cells of the cochlea- vibrate sending messages across synapses and onto the brain via the auditory nerve a. consists of a spiral shaped tube b. membranous with receptors called hair cells c. hair bundles (from hair cells) stretch from one membrane to another_ TheScientist.com http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/53780/ accessed 31.01.09 A Review of the Universe http://universe-review.ca/R10-16-ANS.htm accessed 31.01.09

29. d. hair bundles vibrate when sound waves pass through the fluid in the cochlea e. different frequencies of sound are detected because of the gradual variations in the width and thickness of the membranes (each bundle resonates at a different frequency) _ TheScientist.com http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/53780/ accessed 31.01.09

30. d. hair bundles vibrate when sound waves pass through the fluid in the cochlea e. different frequencies of sound are detected because of the gradual variations in the width and thickness of the membranes (each bundle resonates at a different frequency) _ TheScientist.com http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/53780/ accessed 31.01.09 A Review of the Universe http://universe-review.ca/R10-16-ANS.htm accessed 31.01.09 A Review of the Universe http://universe-review.ca/R10-16-ANS.htm accessed 31.01.09 Click

32. 1. The structure of the human eye includes a. the sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, iris, vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve, and blind spot_ B. Structure of the Eye Eye Floaters http://www.eye-floaters.com/theeye-howtheeyeworks.php accessed 10.09.07 Think A. Allott, Biology IB Study Guide, Oxford University Press 2007 LABEL A DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EYE INCLUDE THE SCLERA, CORNEA, CONJUNCTIVA, EYELID, CHOROID, AQUEOUS HUMOUR, PUPIL, LENS, IRIS, VITREOUS HUMOUR, RETINA, FOVEA, OPTIC NERVE, AND BLIND SPOT TIMES UP!

33. 2. Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves a. include names of rod and cone cells, bipolar neurons, and ganglion cells_ HAMwaves http://hamwaves.com/antennas/diel-rod.html accessed 24.01.09 Think A. Allott, and D. Mindorff, Biology Course Companion, Oxford University Press 2007 ANNOTATE A DIAGRAM OF THE RETINA TO SHOW THE CELL TYPES AND THE DIRECTION IN WHICH LIGHT MOVES INCLUDE NAMES OF ROD AND CONE CELLS, BIPOLAR NEURONS, AND GANGLION CELLS TIMES UP!

34. 1. The structure of the ear includes a. Pinna, eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval window, round window, semicircular canals, auditory nerve, and cochlea_ D. Ear Structure and Function Word Press http://geneticsandliterature.wordpress.com/page/2/ accessed 28.01.09 Think A. Allott and D. Mindorff, Biology Course Companion, Oxford University Press 2007 LABEL A DIAGRAM OF THE EAR INCLUDE PINNA, EARDRUM, BONES OF THE MIDDLE EAR, OVAL WINDOW, ROUND WINDOW, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, AUDITORY NERVE, AND COCHLEA TIMES UP!

35. A. Innate or Learned? A. Innate or Learned? B. Behaviour Experiments B. Behaviour Experiments C. Learned Behavior C. Learned Behavior D. Inheritance and Learning D. Inheritance and Learning Jane Goodall’s Wild Chimpanzees http://www.wildchimpanzees.org/press/photo.php accessed 03.02.09

36. A. Innate or Learned? 1. Innate behaviours develops as a result of inheritance a. develops independently of the environmental context b. controlled by genes c. inherited from parents d. developed by natural selection e. increases chance of survival and reproduction_ flicker http://flickr.com/photos/melisa_pang/2500668081/ accessed 04.02.09

37. 2. Learned behaviour develops as a result of experience a. dependant on the environmental context of the animal to develop b. not controlled by genes c. not inherited from parents d. develops by response to an environmental stimulus e. may or may not increases chance of survival and reproduction_ Bird Digiscoping http://www.birddigiscoping.com/2006_12_01_archive.html accessed 03.02.09 Web

38. B. Behaviour Experiments 1. Design experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis a. taxis—Planaria move towards food (chemotaxis) and Euglena move towards light (phototaxis) b. kinesis—woodlice move about less in optimum (humid) conditions and more in an unfavourable (dry) atmosphere_ TREKNATURE http://www.treknature.com/gallery/Europe/United_Kingdom/photo4015.htm accessed 03.02.09

39. 2. Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction_ Four Feet and More http://fourfeetandmore.blogspot.com/2008/05/woodlice.html accessed 03.02.09 Click

40. 1. Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival a. chimpanzee using a stick to collect termites b. bird not eating black and yellow striped moths c. response to alarm calls d. cheetah learning to hunt_ C. Learned Behavior Miami University http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/html/TropEcoImages.html accessed 22.01.09 Web

41. 2. Pavlov’s experiments involved the classical conditioning of dogs to salivate in response to a bell a. unconditioned stimulus- food b. conditioned stimulus- bell c. unconditioned response- salavation in response to food d. conditioned response- salavation in response to the bell_ The Learning Domain http://peoplelearn.homestead.com/pxgs6102educres.html accessed 03.02.09

42. 2. Pavlov’s experiments involved the classical conditioning of dogs to salivate in response to a bell a. unconditioned stimulus- food b. conditioned stimulus- bell c. unconditioned response- salavation in response to food d. conditioned response- salavation in response to the bell_ The Learning Domain http://peoplelearn.homestead.com/pxgs6102educres.html accessed 03.02.09 THE EXTENT TO WHICH PAVLOV’S THEORY CAN BE APPLIED TO DIFFERENT EXAMPLES OF LEARNING COULD BE CONSIDERED. Theory of Knowledge

43. 2. Pavlov’s experiments involved the classical conditioning of dogs to salivate in response to a bell a. unconditioned stimulus- food b. conditioned stimulus- bell c. unconditioned response- salavation in response to food d. conditioned response- salavation in response to the bell_ The Learning Domain http://peoplelearn.homestead.com/pxgs6102educres.html accessed 03.02.09 THE EXTENT TO WHICH PAVLOV’S THEORY CAN BE APPLIED TO DIFFERENT EXAMPLES OF LEARNING COULD BE CONSIDERED. Theory of Knowledge TOK USING THE TERMS, UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS, CONDITIONED STIMULUS, UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE, AND CONDITIONED RESPONSE, OUTLINE THE STEPS INVOLVED IN PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS Think about it! Think Web

44. D. Inheritance and Learning 1. Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds a. male chaffinch use there song to attract mates and keep other males out of their territory b. song varies among individuals allowing identification but recognizable as chaffinch_ Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/gallery/2008/jan/25/wildlife.conservation?picture=332215756 accessed 05.02.09

45. c. songbirds reared in isolation (soundproof box) have some features of the normal song d. similar length and number of notes indicate the song to be innate e. narrower range of frequencies and fewer distinctive phases indicate learning from other chaffinches_ University of Pennslyvania http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004526.html accessed 05.02.09

47. University of Lisbon http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2005_09_23/noDOI.2331307943613966831 accessed 30.01.09 A. Making Decisions A. Making Decisions B. Effects of Drugs B. Effects of Drugs C. Types of Drugs C. Types of Drugs D. Drug Addiction D. Drug Addiction

48. A. Making Decisions 1. Decision making is one of the fundamental roles of the brain and spinal cord 2. Some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission_ The Sanger Institute http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/News-releases/2007/070305.shtml?;decor=printable accessed 03.02.09

49. 2. Excitatory synapses a. neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron causes sodium ions (or other positively charged ions) to enter the postsynaptic neuron b. helps to depolarize causing an action potential c. postsynaptic transmission is excited (stimulated)_ Neurevolution http://www.neurevolution.net/2007/04/07/history%E2%80%99s-top-brain-computation-insights-day-6/ accessed 22.02.09

50. 3. Inhibitory synapses a. neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron causes negatively charged chloride ions to move into the postsynaptic neuron b. increases its polarization (hyperpolarization) c. makes it difficult to depolarize a neuron sufficiently to cause action potential d. postsynaptic transmission is inhibited_ Corbis http://pro.corbis.com/search/Enlargement.aspx?CID=isg&mediauid=%7BFB1FB9E1-FBE4-4E8A-8534-45BD7C9A7846%7D accessed 22.02.09

51. 4. Decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses a. synapses are the sites where decisions are made b. one pulse of an excitatory neurotransmitter is unlikely to cause postsynaptic transmission (rapid sequence of pulses is needed)_ Florida State University http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/40_Synapse.htm accessed 03.02.09

52. c. could come from one or more likely a number of neurons d. postsynaptic neurons have synapses with one (or hundreds) or presynaptic neurons e. the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters can be cancelled by the release of additional inhibitory ones_ University of Illinois at Chicago http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect22.htm accessed 03.02.09

53. f. postsynaptic action potential is decided by the summation of messages of all the synapses g. decisions can be made by CNS_ University of Texas at Austin http://synapses.clm.utexas.edu/anatomy/ca1pyrmd/radiatum/k21/K21_3D.stm accessed 23.02.09

54. B. Effects of Drugs 1. Psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission a. block neurotransmitter b. mimic neurotransmitter c. blocks the removal of neurotransmitter_ drugs.ie http://www.drugs.ie/types_of_drugs/stimulants/ecstasy/ accessed 02.03.09

55. 2. Block neurotransmitter a. chemical structure similar to a neurotransmitter b. bind to postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors c. block receptors preventing usual effect of neurotransmitter d. decreasing synaptic transmission _ About.com http://alcoholism.about.com/od/pot/ig/Marijuana-Gallery/marijuana08.htm accessed 03.02.09

56. 3. Mimic neurotransmitter a. chemical structure similar to a neurotransmitter b. have same effect as neurotransmitter c. effect is longer lasting d. bind for a much longer time (not broken down) e. increasing synaptic transmission _ huehueteotl http://huehueteotl.wordpress.com/2008/02/25/cocaines-effects-on-brain-metabolism-may-contribute-to-abuse/ accessed 23.02.09

57. 4. Blocks the removal of neurotransmitter a. hinder breakdown of neurotransmitter in synapse b. impede reabsorbtion into presynaptic neuron c. prolong the effect d. increasing synaptic transmission_ California State University Stanislaus http://arnica.csustan.edu/boty3050/drugs/drugs.htm accessed 03.02.09

58. 1. Excitatory drugs a. nicotine b. cocaine c. amphetamines 2. Inhibitory drugs a. benzodiazepines b. alcohol c. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)_ C. Types of Drugs New Jersey City University http://web.njcu.edu/dept/counselingcenter/Content/e-chug.asp accessed 23.02.09 Web

59. 3. THC is the most psychoactive drug contained in cannabis (inhibitory psychoactive drug) a. dopamine release is naturally blocked by an inhibitory neurotransmitter b. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors blocking the release of the inhibitor of dopamine, therefore releasing more dopamine_ iTech http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/?cat=85 accessed 23.02.09

60. c. cannabinoid receptors found in various parts of brain (cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral hemispheres) d. effects include disruption of psychomotor behavior, short-term memory impairment, intoxication, and stimulation of appetite_ Cliffside Malibu Blog http://www.cliffsidemalibu.com/blog/?p=46 accessed 23.02.09

61. 4. Cocaine is an excitatory psychoactive drug a. stimulates transmission at synapses that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter b. binds to proteins that pump dopamine back to the presynaptic neuron c. causes dopamine to build up (producing pleasurable feelings) d. causes continuous transmission of the synapses_ NIDA http://www.nida.nih.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching4.html accessed 23.02.09

62. e. effects include feelings of euphoria, increased energy, alertness, and talkativeness f. crack is a form of cocaine inhaled from the vapors of heated cocaine_ Chicago GSB http://www.chicagogsb.edu/capideas/apr06/5.aspx accessed 23.02.09

63. D. Drug Addiction 1. The are several causes of drug addiction including genetic predisposition, social factors, and dopamine secretion 2. Genetic predisposition a. the gene for DRD2 dopamine receptor protein has multiple alleles b. one or more copies of A1 allele consume less alcohol than those homozygous for A2 allele_ N.O.M.A.D. http://nomadoverdoseproject.googlepages.com/overdosefordrugusers accessed 03.02.09

64. 3. Social factors a. cultural traditions cause different problems around the world b. peer pressure, poverty and social deprivation, traumatic life experiences, and mental health problems 4. Dopamine secretion a. associated with feelings of pleasure b. many addictive drugs affect dopamine secreting synapses_ flickr http://flickr.com/photos/18623248@N00/204769186 accessed 23.02.09

66. E. Pain and Death E. Pain and Death A. Structure and Function A. Structure and Function B. Brain Functions B. Brain Functions C. Control Systems C. Control Systems D. The Pupil Reflex D. The Pupil Reflex Word Press http://maturemarketexperts.wordpress.com/2008/08/25/mature-market-experts-stat-of-the-day-brain-training-games/ accessed 28.01.09

67. A. Structure and Function 1. The structure of the brain includes a. the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres_ Best Health http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html accessed 28.01.09 Think

68. 2. Outline the functions of each of the parts of the brain a. medulla oblongata: controls automatic and homeostatic activities, such as swallowing, digestion, and vomiting and breathing and heart activity b. cerebellum: coordinates unconscious functions, such as movement and balance_ Best Health http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html accessed 28.01.09

69. c. hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis, coordinating the nervous and endocrine systems, secreting hormones of the posterior pituitary, and releasing factors regulating the anterior pituitary d. pituitary gland: the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe, and produces and secretes hormones regulating many body functions_ Best Health http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html accessed 28.01.09

70. e. cerebral hemispheres: act as the integrating centre for high complex functions such as learning, memory, and emotions_ Best Health http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html accessed 28.01.09

71. B. Brain Functions 1. Explain how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions 2. Experiments have been done on animals (including primates) a. involves surgical procedures- removing parts of the skull to get to the brain_ The International Carnivorous Plant Society http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq1265.html accessed 10.09.07 Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_chrischan_300.gif accessed 28.01.09

72. b. animals are kept alive so the brain continues to function c. experimental procedures are carried out on the animals e. effects on the animal are observed during or after the operation f. many scientists have ethical objections due to the suffering or sacrifice of the animal_ tonglen.oceandrop.org http://www.tonglen.oceandrop.org/Protect_Animals1.htm accessed 28.01.09

73. 3. Lesions are damaged parts of the brain a. can be caused by accidents, strokes, or tumours b. can be used to identify the location of brain functions c. lesions in Broca’s area in the left cerebral hemisphere cause dysphasia- inability to speak (read/write are still possible) d. lesion in insula causes the loss of craving (man lost desire to smoke)_ Cow Hampshire http://cowhampshire.blogharbor.com/blog/Photographs/Misc/_archives/2007/5/25/2975368.html accessed 28.01.09

74. 4. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that identifies parts of the brain activated by specific thoughts a. active parts require increased blood flow (detected by fMRI) b. subjects are placed in a scanner and a high resolution scan is performed c. a series of low resolution scans are taken while subject is given a stimulus_ Science Museam http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/brain/190.asp accessed 28.01.09

75. d. the scans shows parts of the brain that are activated during response to the stimulus_ TUDelft http://www.dcsc.tudelft.nl/Research/Current/projects-by-person-13-kedarekdne-1140456268-cf51.html accessed 28.01.09

76. d. the scans shows parts of the brain that are activated during response to the stimulus_ TUDelft http://www.dcsc.tudelft.nl/Research/Current/projects-by-person-13-kedarekdne-1140456268-cf51.html accessed 28.01.09 THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONTROLLED FMRI EXPERIMENTS HAS PROVED VERY DIFFICULT, BECAUSE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONDITIONED REFLEXES IN EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS. INVESTIGATING THE HUMAN MIND WILL ALWAYS BE A CHALLENGING FIELD. Theory of Knowledge TOK

77. 1. Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of the iris, and flow of blood to the gut_ C. Control Systems Biology Mad http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nervoussystemintro.htm accessed 03.02.09

78. D. The Pupil Reflex 1. Explain the pupil reflex_ Brain Mysteries http://www.brainmysteries.com/Research/Pupil_Dilation_Marks_Decision_Making.asp accessed 03.02.09

79. E. Pain and Death 1. Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this_ ABC http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/death/default.htm accessed 03.02.09

80. 2. Outline how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers a. passage of impulses from pain receptors in the skin and other parts of the body to sensory areas of the cerebral cortex b. feelings of pain due to these areas of the cerebral cortex c. endorphins blocking transmission of impulses at synapses involved in pain perception_ All Season Services http://www.18669nobugs.com/honey_bees accessed 03.02.09

82. 1. The structure of the brain includes a. the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres_ A. Structure and Function Best Health http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html accessed 28.01.09 Think A. Allott, Biology IB Study Guide, Oxford University Press 2007 LABEL, ON A DIAGRAM OF THE BRAIN, THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, CEREBELLUM, HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY GLAND AND CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES TIMES UP!

83. E. Rhythmical Behaviour E. Rhythmical Behaviour Orion Books http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/HB-42338/Meerkat-Manor.htm accessed 30.01.09 A. Social Organization A. Social Organization B. Selection of the Colony B. Selection of the Colony C. Foraging Behaviour C. Foraging Behaviour D. Sexual Selection D. Sexual Selection

84. A. Social Organization 1. Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non- human example a. detailed structural differences and the life cycle of honey bees are not expected_ BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/content/image_galleries/east_bees_s12_w5_gallery.shtml accessed 03.02.09

85. B. Selection of the Colony 1. Outline how natural selection may act at the level of the colony in the case of social organisms 2. Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour using two non-human examples_ The Wetass Chronicles http://www.wetasschronicles.com/archives/2005_02_27_archive.html accessed 03.02.09

86. 1. Foraging (searching for food) behaviour optimizes food intake 2. Bluegill fish foraging for Daphnia a. live ponds and feed on small invertebrates b. consume all sizes when density is low c. consume moderate/large size when density is medium_ C. Foraging Behaviour The G and C Club http://gandcclub.com/id3.html accessed 03.02.09

87. d. consume mostly large (some medium) at high densities e. consuming small numbers of large prey requires less energy f. at low prey densities, small prey must be consumed to obtain enough energy_ Martin-Luther-Universität verstärkt ihre Aktivitäten http://www2.biologie.uni-halle.de/zool/dev_biol/lehre/pk_lim/limno/Page.html accessed 10.02.09

88. 3. Starling foraging for crane-fly larvae a. obtained by probing soil with beak b. become less efficient at holding larvae as number increases c. fewer trips back to nest requires less energy and time d. optimum number of larvae depends on distance from nest_ Enviro-Explorers http://www.enviro-explorers.com/kestrel_web_pages/monitoring_and_recordkeeping_page.htm accessed 10.02.09

89. e. as distance increases, optimum number increases f. starlings caught have close to theoretical optimum number of larvae_ Just Green http://www.just-green.com/Article/67/Leather-Jacket.html accessed 10.02.09

90. D. Sexual Selection 1. Mate selection can lead to exaggerated traits a. characteristics or behaviors that are excessive 2. The peacock’s tail feathers a. long brightly colored tail feathers b. used during courtship to attract females c. other times they inhibit movement (especially during attacks from predator)_ Photo Galaxy http://www.photogalaxy.com/photo/willbl/102/ accessed 03.02.09

91. d. individuals that survive (despite exaggerated trait) must be well- adapted in other ways e. must be a suitable mate to choose_ Northern Territory News http://www.ntnews.com.au/article/2008/11/03/13561_ntnews.html accessed 03.02.09

92. Web E. Rhythmical Behaviour 1. Animals show rhythmical variations in activity a. diurnal activity variation of hamsters b. coordinated spawning in corals c. seasonal reproductive behaviour in deer 2. The adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns can be observed in moonrats and red deer_ eco-action.org http://www.photogalaxy.com/photo/willbl/102/ accessed 03.02.09 Web

93. 3. Moonrats are nocturnal (a diurnal cycle) a. excellent sense of smell helps them find food at night (insects and invertebrates are active) b. less vulnerable to predation at night c. rest in holes among tree roots and hollow logs during the day_ National Geographic http://gallery.pictopia.com/natgeo/photo/275598/ accessed 10.02.09

94. 4. Red deer reproduce during the fall each year (an annual cycle) a. males fight to establish dominance (and exclusive mating) over groups of females b. males take possession over large groups of females and mate during eostrus_ Corbis http://pro.corbis.com/search/Enlargement.aspx?CID=isg&mediauid=%7BA95BE9DF-7F5A-4D6E-B041-3DF13C91FCF7%7D accessed 10.02.09

95. c. females start gestation in fall and give birth in the spring (summer for feeding) d. seasonal mating gives offspring the greatest chance of survival_ Flickr http://flickr.com/photos/ukwildlife/2770188187/ accessed 10.02.09