1. Ch. 25 Special Considerations in Athletes

2. Objectives Explain how climate affects athletic performance. Describe the difference between heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Explain the five ways the body loses heat. Describe how to treat hypothermia and hyperthermia. Explain how different skin conditions are exacerbated by athletics. Explain the effects of diabetes and how it can be managed, Explain how epilepsy affects the body. Explain what a systemic reaction to an insect bite is. Describe the female athlete triad.

3. Heat Stress Cannot maintain homeostasis – hypothalamus Hyperthermia-general name for heat related illness 80% of heat lost through the skin

4. Heat Index Indicates risk associated with outdoor exercise – Air Temperature – Relative Humidity Heat index is calculated for conditions in the shade As relative humidity increases, it is harder for your body to cool through evaporation

5. Heat Index

6. Dehydration Urine is dark yellow Decreased endurance Decreased max oxygen uptake Disorientation Irritability Rapid pulse

7. Heat Cramps First stage of heat illness Believed to be caused by dehydration and electrolyte loss Usually starts in calf but can affect quads, hamstrings, abs Treat with ice, passive stretching, and consumption of fluids

8. Heat Syncope Fainting Body attempts to cool by dilating blood vessels in the skin Decreases blood to the brain Treat with drinking fluids

9. Heat Exhaustion Near total body collapse S/S: skin cool, moist, and pale; weakness, dizziness, and nausea Rapid breathing; weak and rapid pulse Move athlete to shade, apply cool, wet cloths Fan athlete and give fluids Athlete are more likely to suffer from heat exhaustion after initial episode

10. Heat Stroke CALL 911!! Body’s thermoregulatory system has failed S/S: hot, dry, red skin; strong and rapid pulse; mental confusion or unconsciousness Move athlete to cooler environment Use cold bath or apply ice to armpits, groin, neck Remove all excessive clothing

11. Methods of Heat Loss Respiration: heat lost through exhalation Evaporation: occurs through sweating Conduction: temperature difference between two surfaces; ex. Sitting on the cold ground Radiation: heat transfer by infrared rays; will lose heat when body is warmer than environment and vice versa Convection: heat loss through air currents

12. Wind Chill

13. Hypothermia Occurs when body heat is lost faster than it can be replaced Blood will move to the core leaving skin and extremities to cool rapidly S/S: shivering, slurred speech, numbness in hands and feet Unconscious when body temp reaches 85°

14. Hypothermia Move person inside Remove wet, cold clothing and replace with warm, dry clothing Do not try to rapidly warm the body with hot bath or electric blankets---may cause cardiac arrest! Offer warm towel, warm liquids, food

15. Frostbite When skin is exposed to temperatures under 32°F Usually occurs in fingers, toes, earlobes, chin, nose, cheeks Frostnip: pins and needles sensation 2 nd stage: blistering may occur, ice crystals form 3 rd stage: blood vessels, muscles frozen

16. Frostbite Move indoors Apply warm towels Do not use hot water Aleah’s Feet

17. Skin Conditions Plantar Warts Tinea Pedis Jogger’s Nipples

18. Diabetes Body does not produce or properly use insulin Insulin is a hormone needed to make cells absorb sugar, which is converted into energy High blood sugar can cause damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart Usually a genetic disorder 17 million people in the U.S – 6 million are unaware they have the disease

19. Types of Diabetes Type 1 (Juvenile diabetes) – Body fails to produce insulin – Use insulin injections – Plan meals, exercise, check blood sugar Type 2 (adult onset diabetes) – Strongly genetic but lifestyle choices are major risk factor, such as excess weight, inactivity, high blood pressure, poor diet

20. Diabetic Emergencies Insulin reaction-too much insulin in the body – Not enough sugar in the blood – Dizziness, weakness, headache, hunger – Give person sugar Diabetic coma-too much sugar in the blood – Develop over days – Confusion, thirst, dehydration, sweet/fruity breath – Seek medical help

21. Seizure Disorders 5-7% of U.S. population will suffer a seizure – 1% has epilepsy Simple partial seizure-jerking in one part of the body Tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal)-sudden fall followed by muscle jerks Make sure person seizing is safe, keep airway open

22. Insect Bites and Stings Local reaction-pain, swelling Systemic or allergic reaction-nausea, vomiting, wheezing Anaphylaxis- treat with Epi Pen ASAP, call 911