1. Respiratory System

2. Tracheal System in Insects https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quwhcgkVO3c Tracheal system Branched air tubes Air sacs spiracle

6. Path of air 1.pharynx 2.Larynx 3.Trachea 4.Bronchi 5.Bronchioles 6.Alveoli (air sacs)

7. Alveolus/alveoli 300 million/lung Surrounded by capillary bed coming from right atria  pulmonary arteries (low O 2 )-why?! 1 cell thick walls….why?!

8. Ventilation V Gas Exchange V Cellular Respiration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJuFmyXeHkA&oref=https%3A% 2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnJuFmyXeHkA&has_veri fied=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJuFmyXeHkA&oref=https%3A% 2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnJuFmyXeHkA&has_veri fied=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaOBcF6N7e4

9. Gas Exchange Uptake of O 2 from environment and discharge of CO 2 Involves lungs and capillary beds

10. Alveoli Details Large S.A Flat, single cell Moist lining Nearby capillary bed

12. Gas Exchange cont. Atmosphere =21% O 2 by volume O 2 and CO 2 move into and out of lungs via PASSIVE transport (we need a concentration gradient) Lung surface=thin, folded, moist, and branched to maximize gas exchange

13. Gas Exchange cont. Rate of diffusion is proportional to surface area and the inverse of distance needed to travel…see size of lung and distance to capillary bed

14. Ventilation Act of breathing Increase flow of respiratory medium (source of O 2 ) over respiratory surface Ex: human breathing EX: fish and gills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVFqME-NW9s

15. Why do we need ventilation? Creates a concentration gradient for O 2 and CO 2 O 2 needed for aerobic respiration O 2 from lungs to blood CO 2 from blood to lungs Cycles lung air with atmosphere

16. Ventilation Muscles surrounding lungs include Diaphragm, abs, intercostal muscles Lungs located in thoracic cavity Lungs “open” to atmosphere via trachea

17. Pressure V Volume in lungs Inverse relationship

18. Inspiration V Expiration

20. Inspiration Inside lungs, volume increases so pressure….? Creates a partial vacuum inside of the lung Air that comes in via your mouth or nasal passageway counteracts the partial vacuum The air fills your alveoli

21. Inspiration Interactive http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter23/animation__alveolar_pressure_changes_during_inspiratio n_and_expiration.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter23/animation__alveolar_pressure_changes_during_inspiratio n_and_expiration.html

22. Blood’s Role Hemoglobin Structure

24. 4 O 2 = saturated

25. Myoglobin Heme protein found in muscle that stores 1 oxygen molecules Releases the oxygen as needed

26. Oxygen Dissociation Curve X-axis= partial pressure of oxygen Y-axis= % Oxygen saturation in hemoglobin Oxygen’s partial pressure increases as more Oxygen binds to hemoglobin and myoglobin (changes shape so O 2 binds easier)

27. Fetuses need more oxygen than adults

28. Bohr Shift When CO 2 binds to hemoglobin, O 2 is released https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrvrs6RXxwY

29. Exercise Medulla oblongata controls the diaphragm and intercostal muscles Increase in CO 2 = decrease in pH in blood=more nerve impulses=increased ventilation to get more O 2

30. Asthma Airways=inflamed, produce extra mucous

31. Smoking Stiffens cilia=mucous accumulates Emphysema= alveoli walls loose elasticity so air gets stuck

32. High Altitude Air pressure changes Increase RBC Increase capillaries in lungs and muscles Increase lung size Increase myoglobin