1. “The Struggle to Become A State” The Struggle Is Real

2. Stephen Watts Kearney Brigadier General in the U.S. Army August 1846, arrive in Santa Fe and declared all New Mexicans as American citizens. Conquered NM without firing a shot. Led illegal treason trials.

3. Geronimo Very famous Apache leader. Fought back against US at San Carlos, AZ. Didn’t surrender until September 4, 1886. Passed away in 1909.

4. Charles Bent First US governor of NM. Appointed governor by Kearny. Suspected rebellion against the US; had rebels arrested. Killed by rebels during the Revolt of 1847 at his home in Taos, NM.

5. Santa Fe Ring Made up of wealthy lawyers and businessmen. Thomas Catron, Lawrence Murphy, and many others. Used power to buy and control land – using it for their greedy purposes.

6. Kit Carson Colonel in the US Army. Sent to stop Navajos from raiding Hispanic and Anglo settlements. Led attacks on Navajo settlements in western NM. Forced the surrender of over 2,000 Navajos -- eventually causing their relocation to Bosque Redondo.

7. Buffalo Soldiers Black US troopers sent to protect white settlements from Apache raids. Helped significantly, but also committed atrocities. Forced surrender of Geronimo in 1886

8. William “Billy the Kid” Bonney Most famous “Wild West gunslinger”. Hired by John Tunstall to combat Murphy during the Lincoln County War. Killed in Fort Sumner by sheriff Pat Garrett on July 14, 1881.

9. John Tunstall Englishman who established a mercantile in Lincoln. Opponent of powerful local boss Lawrence Murphy. Wanted to profit by supplying military and Native American reservations with goods. Murdered by Murphy’s gang on February 18, 1878.

10. Lawrence Murphy Suspected member of the Santa Fe Ring. Very powerful local boss in Lincoln County. Opponent of Tunstall in the Lincoln County War. Likely had Tunstall murdered in 1878.

11. Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad First arrived in New Mexico in 1880. Tied NM to the rest of the country by improving transportation and communication. Led to the advancement and imposing of Anglo culture in NM

12. Governor Miguel Otero Governor of NM territory during the Spanish-American War. Got outraged when people questioned New Mexican loyalty during the war. Decisively claimed that NM was loyal to the United States and not Spain.

13. Rough Riders Most famous fighting unit of the Spanish- American War. New Mexican fighters returned as heroes. Fought alongside Teddy Roosevelt, the future President of the United States.