FIRE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 7: WATER-BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT INTRO SLIDE.

FIRE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 7: WATER-BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT
INTRO SLIDE

CHAPTER 7: WATER-BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT
An automatic fire extinguishing system, when properly designed, installed, and maintained, is a vital component of property and life protection Understand the reasons for and the methods of electrical interconnections between extinguishing systems and fire alarm systems The technician must realize that this training module does not provide the skills and knowledge to design, install, inspect, or test such extinguishing systems Course prior to 2007 as your partners in the industry we are bring this program to you…. In Ontario you are resp to testing in accordance to 2007 ofc It is our view and position in order to register you to have education updates Made available on line (easy) Access to all the current data regarding the changes in the requirements The 1997 Ontario Fire Code (O.Reg. 388/97 as amended) referenced the fire alarm technician qualification in Sentence (1). The new 2007 edition of the Ontario Fire Code (O.Reg. 213/07) references the qualification in “Division C, Subsection The 2007 edition of the Ontario Fire Code requires that persons performing annual tests or annual inspections of fire alarm systems, or carrying out maintenance and repairs of these systems, shall have successfully completed a program or course acceptable to the Fire Marshal. Alternatively these persons can be site supervised by someone who has successfully completed such a program or course. This is in addition to other Ontario legislation, such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) that requires electrical installation work, including the installation of fire alarm system wiring raceway and devices to be conducted by a licensed electrician under the Trades and Qualifications Act. In 1996 the Office of the Fire Marshal established a Fire Alarm Training Program Review (FATPR) committee. Today the FATPR committee evaluates fire alarm training programs submitted for review to determine whether they satisfy the requirements of Sentence of the 2007 Ontario Fire Code. The FATPR committee is made up of public and private sector representatives with a cumulative wide-ranging background on fire alarm systems, life safety and educational programs. To date, this CFAA re-certification or renewal course has been reviewed by the FATPR committee and deemed to be acceptable, meeting the requirements of Ontario Fire Code (O.Reg. 213/07) “Division C, Subsection This Re-certification Course is being provided based on the FATPR committee request for a renewal course for fire alarm technicians after the release of the next generation of Provincial Building Codes and Standards Unfortunately, release of the new National Building Code, (last Building Code 1995) was in development for a number of years exceeding the typical 5 year cycle, i.e 2006 National Building Code.

CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned
CFAA 2009 CHAPTER 7: WATER-BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications How water-based sprinkler system are applied based on the principles of the Fire Tetrahedron Describe the methods water-based sprinkler system utilize to protect the occupants Why do Canadian building codes and fire codes contain the parameters under which sprinkler systems must be installed into certain types of buildings. 3

CFAA 2009 CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned CHAPTER 7: WATER-BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT Make a distinction between wet pipe systems and dry pipe systems Identify a Pre-action system and describe how they typically operate Identify a Deluge system and describe how they typically operate Analyze how fire alarm systems interoperate with sprinkler systems Describe Special extinguishing systems Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 4

CFAA 2009 Language Defined CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 5

Water as an extinguishing agent
Physical properties Heavy, stable liquid Melting of water absorbs BTU Specific heat of water Converting 1 lb. of water to steam BTU/lb. ( kJ/kg) When converted from liquid to vapour, volume increases 1600 times

Extinguishing Properties of Water
Extinguishment by cooling: Rate of heat transfer is proportional to exposed burning surface and the surface area of the water Rate of heat transfer – temperature difference between water and surrounding air or burning material Rate of heat transfer – vapour content of the air Heat-absorbing capacity – distance the water travels and its velocity in the combustion zone

Other Extinguishing Methods
Extinguishment by smothering Foaming agent Steam production Extinguishment by emulsification Agitation of two liquids together that normally do not mix Extinguishment by dilution Water-soluble flammable materials Ethyl alcohol for example

Electrical Conductivity of Water
Voltage and current flowing Break-up of the stream, pressure used, wind conditions Purity of the water – resistivity Length and cross-section of the water stream Resistance to ground Resistance to ground through hose

Use of Water on Special Hazards
Chemicals Combustible metals Radioactive metals Gases Combustible and Flammable liquids

Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Development 1st were perforated pipe Edward Parmalee developed first working sprinkler head Value of Automatic sprinkler Protection Apply water to fire and give warning Decrease smoke levels and cool area Allow longer travel distances to exits, higher combustibility of finishes, etc.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Sprinkler performance 95 % satisfactory performance Largest reason for unsatisfactory performance was human error Will control fires Minimize business interruption and water damage Economics of sprinkler protection

A sprinkler head operates just before the point where collateral damage from water would likely do less damage than the fire. It would be of little value to cause release at an earlier point of fire growth. Damage Incipient Stage Smoldering Stage Flame Stage Heat Stage Time (minutes/hours)

7.3 Water Based Sprinkler Systems
The most common automatic extinguishing system is the water-based sprinkler system Fire Tetrahedron reminds us that a fire will not live if oxygen and high temperatures are excluded from the fire condition 14

When properly applied, water can cause both of these conditions and suppress or even extinguish most fires A sprinkler head (sprinkler) is a mechanical device that, when activated, effectively distributes water in a specific pattern over a fire, so as to extinguish the fire or at least contain and control it. 15

A sprinkler head (sprinkler) is a mechanical device that, when activated, effectively distributes water in a specific pattern over a fire, so as to extinguish the fire or at least contain and control it. 16

7.3.1 Wet Pipe System Water flow Switch 24” Clearance
Butterfly Supervisory Valve

Flow Switch 24” Clearance Supervisory Valve Monitor

Inspectors Test valve Closed Control Valve Open
Water flow Switch Tamper Switch To Sprinklers Inspectors Test valve Closed Control Valve Open Drain valve Closed Main Riser To Drain 7

Open Inspectors valve to test Flow Switch
8

Flow Switch will trip after retard expires
10 GPM required 9

Monitor Butterfly shut off valve Main Riser From Water Supply
Flow Switch 24” clearance 2” main drain Monitor Butterfly shut off valve Main Riser From Water Supply 10

The Flow Switch will operate after a continuous flow of 10 GPM or more for the length of the retard time. 11

Normal Condition To Water motor gong Alarm Valve System Pressure
Pressure Switch Alarm Valve System Pressure “Clapper”, normally closed Retard Chamber Supply Pressure BVS Test Valve, normally closed No Pressure System Pressure Supply Pressure 14

Retard chamber begins to fill
LPS Clapper opens Retard chamber begins to fill Shut off valve in line with PS10A must be supervised. Use BVS. No Pressure System Pressure Supply Pressure 17

The pressure switch operates when the pressure reaches 6psi.
20

To water motor gong No Pressure System Pressure Supply Pressure
Alarm Pressure Switch No Pressure System Pressure Supply Pressure 24

WFSR-F trips after retard time expires
To water motor gong WFSR-F trips after retard time expires Clapper opens System Pressure No Pressure Supply Pressure 26

7.3.2 Dry Pipe Sprinkler Systems
The dry-pipe piping system is similar to a wet system, but does not contain water above the clapper When a sprinkler opens, the air pressure is released thus causing a low air pressure condition in the system A dry-pipe type of system is typically used in locations where water that is kept in the system may freeze 29

Slide 15 – picture of project site The building industry is approaching a migration phase where the need for scalable, interoperable, flexible and open systems is spurring participants from different building technology industries to collaborate on a single platform. This will allow them to build systems, which can ultimately propel growth in intelligent building (IB) concepts. This transition demands technological developments with the ability to curtail the prominence of proprietary solutions that give an impression of being open systems when they are not. As the technologies in the building industry are more business driven than research oriented, they are likely to benefit from technological advancements taking place in other areas also. Overall, a building's degree of intelligence is likely to depend on the extent to which there is a consensus to include various available technologies. Hence, building technologies are set for further growth with embedded intelligence leading to excellent comfort levels, state-of-the-art security, optimized operational costs, and exceptional smartness. Dry-pipe system for unheated properties - the system riser, cross mains, and branch lines are maintained at the same air pressure.

When the air pressure is bled off the system, the dry pipe valve opens and water flows into the system.

In a large dry pipe system, several minutes lost while the air is being expelled through the open sprinklers before the dry valve operates. Delay provides time for fire growth. Possible to speed the operation of the system by using a quick opening device. There are two types of quick opening devices: Accelerators - unbalance the differential in the dry pipe valve, which causes it to trip more quickly. Exhausters - function by quickly expelling air from the system.

7.3.3 Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems
Pre Action Dry Pipe A pre-action system is similar to a dry-pipe system in that water is kept from entering the piping by a “pre-action” valve. Closed sprinklers are used on piping that is filled with air that may or may not be pressurized The pre-action valve is held in place electronically by a solenoid control valve. The solenoid is energized upon the activation of the supplemental fire detection system A double interlock pre-action system requires two conditions to be met before water is released. 33

A pre-action system: Used when especially important that water damage be prevented, even if the sprinkler pipes should break accidentally. Used to protect computer rooms & document storage areas. Employs a deluge type valve, fire detection devices, and closed sprinklers. Will not discharge water into the sprinkler piping until an indication is received from fire detection devices (other than sprinklers) that a fire may exist.

When water in system, discharged through any sprinkler that is fused. Usually, air under a low pressure is maintained in piping as a supervisory function. With leak or break in piping, the supervisory air pressure drops and transmits a supervisory signal without admitting water to the system.

Preaction system Comparison of operating features for the types of preaction systems Double interlock preaction system

Where should they be used? Where risk of mechanical damage is high Where wide fluctuations in temperature could occur Why? To reduce the risk of water damage

Consider the following Type of System A Failure of the Results in Separate Sprinkler & Detection System No alarm transmitted. Sprinkler system continues to operate. Sprinkler system No automatic fire extinguishing capability - fire alarm system not impaired. Pre-Action System Detection system Total failure - no alarm capability - no fire extinguishing capability.

Question: Should pre-action sprinkler systems be used in telephone, exchanges, computer rooms, art storage vaults, etc. ? Answer: Probably not. These types of hazard areas have precise temperature control and low risk of mechanical damage. The added complexity of a pre-action sprinkler system may actually decrease reliability.

7.3.3 Pre-Action & Automatic Detection
A smoke-detection-type automatic detection equipment should be installed and maintained in accordance with relevant standards. Automatic detection devices should be installed in the following locations: At the ceiling level throughout the area; Below the raised floor (if provided); and Above the suspended ceiling (if provided) Where interlock and shutdown devices are provided, the electrical power to the interlocks and shutdown devices should be supervised by the fire alarm control panel.

7.3.4 Deluge Systems Deluge A deluge system is similar to a pre-action system except the sprinklers are open type They are not kept closed by a fusible link. The water supply is kept from the system by a “deluge valve” which is released by the activation of supplemental fire detection such as fire detectors (heat or smoke). The deluge system allows water to be applied to a fire more quickly than systems which depend on the opening of individual sprinklers as the fire spreads to each head 42

7.3.4 Deluge Systems Where to Utilize Deluge
Where fire may flash ahead of the operation of ordinary automatic sprinklers such as flammable liquid handling or storage To create a water curtain that will prevent the movement of fire such as openings around escalators in shopping malls 43

7.3.4 Deluge Systems Where to Utilize Deluge
In areas where ceilings are exceptionally high and there is likelihood that ordinary sprinklers directly over the fire would not open promptly or might open without having an effect on the fire (e.g. aircraft hangers) To automatically control the water supply to protect against exposure to fires (e.g. window sprinklers) 44

Deluge Systems The purpose of a deluge system is to quickly supply a large volume of water to a protected area Heat, smoke or flame detectors are installed in same area as the sprinklers. Detection devices control operation of deluge valve through a tripping device. Unlike wet or dry pipe systems, sprinklers do not function as detection in a deluge system. Deluge systems used to protect hazards i.e. transformers.

Deluge Systems

7.3.4 Deluge System

Internal view – set position
Typical deluge valve

7.4 Sprinkler System Monitoring
Monitoring on Fire Alarm If a building has a fire alarm system then sprinkler systems must be monitored by the fire alarm system Automatic sprinkler systems incorporate electrical devices which Will initiate an alarm signal in case of sprinkler operation Identify supervisory status (i.e. closed water supply valves) Indicate circuit trouble conditions Each sprinkler floor area is required to have its own alarm zone indication at the annunciator panels Sprinklers trigger at temperatures similar to that of heat detectors 49

Pressure Switch Alarm Valve System Pressure “Clapper”, normally closed Retard Chamber Supply Pressure BVS Test Valve, normally closed No Pressure System Pressure Supply Pressure 14

7.4.1 Alarm Inputs Sprinkler alarm components include those that operate because of actual flow of water 51

7.4.1 Alarm Inputs 52

CFAA 2009 7.4.2 Supervisory Inputs CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications Devices used to signal abnormal conditions that could render the sprinkler system ineffective or inoperable 53

7.4.2 Supervisory Inputs 54

Supervisory The movement (closing) of any type of water supply control valve Low water level in a storage tank Loss of power to fire pump Fire pump trouble conditions Low temperature in water supply tank, reservoir or valve room High or low water level in pressure tanks High or low air pressure in pressure tanks High or low air pressure in dry pipe sprinkler system Automatic operation of fire pumps 55

7.4.3 Trouble Condition Inputs
A fire alarm system is designed to monitor its electrical circuits for physical abnormal conditions A fault in the circuit wiring will cause a trouble signal (visual and audible) at the fire alarm control unit This indication serves to warn building maintenance personnel that abnormal conditions exists Abnormal conditions may cause the inability for the fire alarm system to detect and indicate alarm and supervisory conditions. 56

7.5 Special Extinguishing Systems & Agents
Numerous applications where there is a need to not just detect a fire condition but also to contain, control and suppress the fire In some circumstance, water is not the optimum choice for doing so as it may cause negative effects Extinguishing agents are used and often are controlled by supplemental electronic control panels These sub-systems to a buildings’ main fire alarm system will initiate various signals to indicate alarm, supervisory and trouble conditions. 57

7.5 Special Extinguishing Systems and Agents
Gaseous agent extinguishing systems are not a substitute for any of the previously discussed fire protection measures Gaseous agent extinguishing systems are not an equivalent to a water sprinkler system If implementation of all of the preceding measures does not attain an acceptable degree of risk reduction then a gaseous fire protection system will be considered. 58

The Four Stages of Fire (Class A Materials) A properly designed gaseous agent system causes no collateral agent damage. The choice of detection methodology usually tries to detect and cause release at the earliest stage of the fire, consistent with minimizing the possibility of false discharge. Damage Incipient Stage Smoldering Stage Flame Stage Heat Stage Time (minutes/hours)

Detection and release shall occur well before sprinkler operation would be expected. Damage Incipient Stage Smoldering Stage Flame Stage Heat Stage Time (minutes/hours)

NFPA edition 4.3 Detection, Actuation, Alarm, and Control Systems 4.3.1 General Detection, actuation, alarm, and control systems shall be installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with appropriate NFPA protective signaling systems standards. CAN/ULC S524-06, Standard for the Installation of Fire Alarm Systems 61

Various fire extinguishing methods and agents can be grouped according to the following four methods of fire control Diluting Smothering Cooling Chain-reaction inhibiting Each extinguishing method or agent operates predominantly by means of one of the four methods listed Often the primary intent (e.g. smothering) will at the same time provide a certain degree of extinguishing capability through one or more of the other effects 64

CFAA 2009 Summary CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned A sprinkler head (sprinkler) is a mechanical device that, when activated, effectively distributes water in a specific pattern over a fire, so as to extinguish the fire or at least contain and control it A sprinkler is a heat detecting device. Typically, only the sprinkler that is affected by the heat from a fire will be activated Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 65

CFAA 2009 Summary CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned The most common automatic extinguishing system is the water-based sprinkler system Canadian building codes and fire codes contain the parameters under which sprinkler systems must be installed into buildings Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 66

CFAA 2009 Summary CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned There are different types sprinkler of systems, which utilize water as the suppressing agent. Each system uniquely delivers water to the sprinkler. The four common systems are: Wet pipe Dry pipe Pre-action Deluge It is important to understand that if a building has a fire alarm system then sprinkler systems must be monitored by the fire alarm system Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 67

CFAA 2009 Summary CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned Each sprinkler floor area is required to have its own alarm zone indication at the fire alarm control and annunciator panels There are numerous applications where there is a need to not just detect a fire condition by a fire alarm system, but also to contain, control or even suppress the fire In some circumstance, water is not the optimum choice This is where special extinguishing systems are typically provided Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 68

CFAA 2009 Summary CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned Automatic fire extinguishing system may be installed over a deep-fat fryer in a commercial kitchen The melting of a heat sensitive fusible link will cause the stored extinguishing agent to be automatically discharged from pressurized cylinders Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 69

CFAA 2009 Summary CHAPTER 1 Fire Protection History Lessons Learned Various fire extinguishing methods and agents can be grouped according to the following four methods of fire control are Diluting Smothering Cooling Chain-reaction inhibiting methods. Chapter Overview and Key Concepts Primary Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems Reference Infamous Canadian Fires CFAA Program and Expectations The Building Code Building Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Governing Documents Codes & Standards Plans & Specifications 70

FIRE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 7: WATER-BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT INTRO SLIDE.

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