1. NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS (NIHL) SISA PRESENTATION DECEMBER 2007 BY JASON SPARNON, AUDIOLOGIST & JAN MACHOTKA, AUDIOLOGIST Based on The Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) WORK-RELATED NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS IN AUSTRALIA (APRIL 2006)

2. Introduction to NIHL NIHL is entirely preventable but once acquired it is irreversible NIHL is defined by National Code of Practice (2004) as hearing impairment arising from exposure to excessive noise at work, and is also commonly known as industrial deafness. Most recent data (2006) suggests that the number of NIHL represents 19% of all of all disease-related claims made and 3.2% of the total disease and injury related claims.

3. Causes of NIHL Continuous Noise exposure The extent of hearing loss increases with time of exposure, and also increases with increasing the intensity of sound levels to which an employee is exposed National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) standard identifies a continuous exposure level of 85dB(A) over 8 hrs and a maximum peak exposure level 140 dB(C) Greatest amount damage occurs in the first 10-15 years Most scientific evidence suggests that the hearing loss does not progress once exposure to noise has discontinued

4. Causes of NIHL Impulsive Noise Eg Explosions and Gunfire Can result in asymmetrical loss Very high sound level eg > 140dB (c) Ototoxicity Exposure to chemicals containing ototoxins Damage usually associated with combination of ototoxins and noise Eg butanol, toluene, carbon monoxide, solvent mixtures and certain types of medications eg cancer therapy drugs and asprins

5. Causes of NIHL Compounding factors Non-work related Role of co-factors remains poorly understood Eg Congenital factors and recreational noise Eg cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases

6. Interpreting Audiograms  Audiograms represent the softest sound a person can hear.  Conductive loss–outer or middle ear.  Sensorineural loss –inner ear or neural pathway. Permanent. Often age or noise related.  Liability usually based upon sensorineural only X = left ear. O = Right ear [ or ] denotes bone conduction

7. Effect of NIHL  NIHLs commonly appear as a sloping loss that is most prominent in the higher frequencies (4k)  Effects speech perception by reducing perception of consonant sounds (p,b,k,s,z etc) needed for speech clarity.  Vowels usually remain intact as there is often good residual hearing throughout the lower frequencies.  Result = clients report that they can hear people speaking but not understand them – the vowels come through clearly but the important consonants are distorted.

8. Progression of NIHL ( 0 – 5 years) Normal Hearing = 0% Mild high frequency loss = 4.6% (40yo), 0% (70yo)

9. Progression of NIHL (10 – 20 years) Moderate to severe high frequency loss = 23.8% (40yo), 18.9 (70yo) Moderate high frequency loss = 16.8% (40yo), 11.9 (70yo)

10. Moderate to Profound high frequency loss = 67.4% (40yo), 62.5% (70yo) Progression of NIHL (25 + years)

11. Calculation of percentage hearing loss (PHL) Procedure for determine PHL 1. Establish hearing threshold levels at defined frequencies: 500Hz, 1000hz, 1500Hz, 2000Hz, 3000Hz, 4000Hz 3. Add up all the percentage hearing losses to give an overall figure 2. Go to look up tables (NAL Report No 118) for each of the frequencies to determine percentage hearing loss (PLH) for each frequency (PLH500, PLH1000…..); 5. This % hearing loss (PLH) determined is used for compensation claims. 4. Appropriate deductions (if any) made

12. Calculation of percentage hearing loss (PHL) Deductions from PHL 1. Asymmetrical hearing loss Noise Ordinarily effects both Ears equally. ? – shooter - tumor = 21.2% = 16.8% (using L levels for R)

13. 2. Non-sensorineural hearing loss Deductions from PHL (cont’d) Calculation of percentage hearing loss (PHL) = 61.7 %= 16.9%

14. 3. Age related hearing loss (presbyacusis) Deductions from PHL (cont’d) = 23.8% (40yo), = 18.9 (70yo)

15.  Other possible deductions 4. Pre-employment hearing loss and Congenital hearing loss 5. Non-work related medical conditions eg diabetes 6. Recreational noise exposure 7. Evidence suggests that noise exposure alone does not usually produce a loss greater than 75 dBHL at high frequencies, and 40 dBHL at lower frequencies.

16. Statistics of NHIL claims JurisdictionIndustrial deafness threshold, i.e. when a claim can be made Comcare5%. Seacare10% VIC10% NSW6% binaural loss SA5% WA10% (Above baseline hearing loss previously assessed) QLD5% TAS5% binaural loss NT5% whole person impairment (percentage of loss of whole body) ACTA worker is not entitled to compensation if the total hearing loss is less than 6% Table 1. Comparison of Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements.

17. Statistics of NHIL claims 1998-991999-20002000-20012001-2002 Claims for NIHL5755528051854510 Percentage of Total Disease Claims 24222119 Percentage of Total Disease and Injury Claims 3.83.5 3.2 Table 2. Number of Claims for NIHL *most recent data available (2006) Claims in SA decreased from 370 in 1999 to 190 in 2002 Although the number of NIHL claims has been reduced, it does not mean that noise induced deafness in Australia has been reduced

18. Statistics of NHIL claims Figure 1. NIHL Claims per Exposed Employees (2001/2) Number of claims per hundred thousand employees The highest number of claims are made by: Labourers and related workers, 33% Tradespersons and related workers, 30% Intermediate production & transport workers (plant or machine operators or transport drivers),25%

19. Statistics of NHIL claims The average cost of workers compensation claims for NIHL in 2001/2 was calculated to be $6711. Therefore, for Australia, the direct cost of NIHL claims for 2001/2 is calculated to be $6711 x 4510 claims i.e. just over $30 million. This figure does not include Hearing Aid fittings

20. Prevention NIHL Noise Control and Hearing Loss Prevention Program Establishing a noise control policy and program Actions to reduce noise exposure eg. Noise insulation, ear protection Actions to monitor the health of employees eg, annual hearing screening programs noise control policy and program will enable a systematic approach to hearing conservation in a company eg purchasing policy on equipment noise levels, mandatory ear protection, training programs for employees

21. Services provided by Hearing Matters Determination of NIHL percentage and diagnostic reports. Referrals to ENT specialists when appropriate Hearing aid fittings and tinnitus treatment when appropriate Noise protection equipment Who is Hearing Matters 3 audiologists – Jan, Tara, Jason Only independent clinic owned by its audiologists NOT aligned by any hearing aid manufacturer NOT solely a hearing aid clinic – also diagnostic clinic

22. Hearing Aids  CIC: Mild – Moderate  ITC: Moderate  BTE: Moderate-Severe  Open-Fit: Mild – Severe