1. SMALL SCALE POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION RICHARD D. MILES PROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2. IN ANY TYPE OF POULTRY OPERATION WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF
POOR BIRD PERFORMANCE ?
POULTRY OPERATION
“LARGE-SCALE”
“SMALL SCALE”
QUESTION

3. STRESSORS Mold & Mycotoxins NH3/H2S Dust Heat Cold Poor Ventilation
Vaccination
Parasites
Rough
Handling
Loud Noises
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Poor
Sanitation
Humidity
Beak
Trimming
Weighing
Dirty Water
Pecking
Order
Nutritional
Deficiencies
Molting
Crowding
Feed
Restriction
Poor Litter
Quality

4. SMALL SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION
TWO MAJOR SECTORS
CONVENTIONAL
PASTURE
ORGANIC

5. SMALL SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION
TWO MAJOR SECTORS
BREED SELECTION

6. “LIMITED” BREED OPTIONS EXIST “COMMERCIAL BROILERS”
BREED SELECTION
"MEAT-TYPE BIRDS"
“LIMITED” BREED OPTIONS EXIST
CORNISH CROSS HYBRIDS
“COMMERCIAL BROILERS”
(MEAT-BIRDS)
HERITAGE
BREEDS
CONSIDERED
“DUAL PURPOSE”
SLOWER GROWTH
SMALLER CARCASS SIZE
STRONGER FLAVOR
COLORED FEATHERS
FAST GROWING
(5 POUNDS IN 6 WEEKS)
VERY TENDER
NO “STRONG” FLAVOR
WHITE FEATHERS

7. BREED SELECTION
"MEAT-BIRDS"
COMMERCIAL BROILERS

8. BREED SELECTION
"MEAT-BIRDS"
COMMERCIAL BROILERS

9. SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION (COMMERCIAL BROILERS)
BREED SELECTION
"MEAT-BIRDS"
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
(COMMERCIAL BROILERS)
IDENTICAL GENETICS

10. SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS
BREED SELECTION
"MEAT-BIRDS"
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS
…FOR…
BROODING
NUTRITION
HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT
MANAGEMENT

11. HERITAGE BREEDS BREED SELECTION "MEAT-BIRDS" NEW HAMPSHIRE BARRED
(AMERICAN LIVESTOCK BREEDS CONSERVANCY)
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
BARRED
ROCKS
BUFF
ORPINGTONS

12. WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE HERITAGE BREEDS ?
…CONTACT…
AMERICAN LIVESTOCK
BREEDS CONSERVANCY
> HTTP: // <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

13. SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
BREED SELECTION
"MEAT-BIRDS"
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
“CONFINEMENT”
“PASTURE” OR
“ORGANIC”

14. SEVERAL BREED OPTIONS EXIST
BREED SELECTION
"EGG-TYPE BIRDS"
SEVERAL BREED OPTIONS EXIST
WHITE LEGHORN
RHODE ISLAND RED
ARAUCANAS

15. INFORMATION BASE *** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS *** DR. ANNE FANATICO
“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***
DR. ANNE FANATICO
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
> EDU <
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSTIY
TEXAS A&M
UNIVERSTIY OF MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

16. PROCESSING EGGS/BROILERS
INFORMATION BASE
“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
SLIDE PRESENTATION
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
IFAS EXTENSION
ELENA TORO
EXTENSION AGENT I
SUWANNEE COUNTY
BRAD BURBAUGH
EXTENSION AGENT I
DUVAL COUNTY
TOPICS DISCUSSED
STARTING CHICKS
BROODING
FEEDING & WATERING
LAYER MANAGEMENT
SELLING EGGS
PROCESSING EGGS/BROILERS
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
BROILER PRODUCTION
PASTURE OPERATIONS
MEAT-TYPE BREEDS
EGG-TYPE BREEDS
ECONOMICS

17. THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER
WHAT AGENCY REGULATES THE PROCESSING OF POULTRY IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA FOR SMALL POULTRY PRODUCERS (20,000 BIRDS OR < PER YEAR) ?
…ANSWER…
THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER
SERVICES / DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

18. UF/IFAS …OR CONTACT… …ANSWER…
WHERE CAN I LEARN MORE ABOUT THE REGULATIONS
I MUST FOLLOW IN ORDER TO PROCESS POULTRY MEAT
AS WELL AS MORE ABOUT HOW TO RAISE PASTURED POULTRY IN FLORIDA ?
…ANSWER…
UF/IFAS
(B.BURBAUGH & E. TORO)
“PASTURED POULTRY VIRTUAL FIELD DAY”
> HTTP: //VFD.IFAS.UFL.EDU/PASTURED_POULTRY/ <
…OR CONTACT…
FL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

19. INFORMATION BASE …RECENT 2010 PUBLICATION…
“PASTURE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***
DR. ANNE FANATICO
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
…RECENT 2010 PUBLICATION…
“PASTURE-RAISED POULTRY: GETTING STARTED”
B. BURBAUGH, E. TORO AND A. GERNAT
IFAS, FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
EDIS PUBLICATION “AN232”
> http: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu < 2)

21. INFORMATION BASE …RECENT 2009 PUBLICATION…
“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION”
ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
…RECENT 2009 PUBLICATION…
“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BROILERS” BY
A.C. FANATICO, C.M. OWENS AND J.L. EMMERT
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH
(VOLUME 18: PAGES ) 2)
> HTTP: //JAPR.FASS.ORG/CGI/CONTENT/FULL/18/2/355 <
…ALSO...
NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION SERVICE
> WWW. ATTRA.NCAT.ORG <

22. WHERE CAN I FIND THE ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING STANDARDS FOR FLORIDA ?
…CONTACT…
FLORIDA ORGANIC GROWERS
ASSOCIATION
> WWW. FOGINFO.ORG <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

23. “NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM”
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
1) MEAT OR EGGS PROCESSED
ON THE FARM MUST COMPLY WITH
ORGANIC HANDLING STANDARDS
“NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM”
…FINAL RULE SECTIONS… TO
…IF PROCESSED OFF-FARM…
THE PROCESSING PLANT MUST
BE CERTIFIED “ORGANIC”
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

24. WHAT IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES IN ORGANIC POULTRY PROCESSING ?
FINDING THE FACILITIES THAT
WILL KILL AND PROCESS THE BIRDS
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

25. REGULATIONS BE CERTIFIED AS “ORGANIC” ?
CAN PROCESSING PLANTS THAT ARE ALREADY IN COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL AND STATE
REGULATIONS BE CERTIFIED AS “ORGANIC” ?
…YES…
…HOWEVER…
PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN TO NOT CONTAMINATE
ORGANIC PRODUCTS WITH THE NON-ORGANIC PRODUCTS
2) RECORD KEEPING FOR AUDITS IS ESSENTIAL
3) ORGANIC PRODUCTS ARE PROCESSED “FIRST” OF THE DAY
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

26. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
2) “APPROVED ORGANICS”
THAT MUST BE USED
DETERGENTS
SANITIZERS
(PROCESSING FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT)
PEST CONTROL METHODS
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

27. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
3) APPROVED ORGANIC
FEED INGREDIENTS
MUST BE USED
THIS ELIMINATES POSSIBILITIES
FOR FORMULATING DIETS
TO MEET THE BIRD’S
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

28. NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM
IS THERE A SOURCE WHERE I CAN FIND A LIST OF THE APPROVED MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED IN ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
USDA
NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM
(NOP)
“NATIONAL LIST”
> HTTP: // NOP <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION

29. QUESTION WHY IS THE DATE OF OCTOBER 10, 2010 SO VERY IMPORTANT FOR
ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING IN THE U.S. ?
THE “MAN MADE” AMINO ACID
METHIONINE
CANNOT BE USED IN “ORGANIC”
POULTRY PRODUCTION
…IMPORTANT CONCEPT…
METHIONINE IS AN
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID
QUESTION

30. ARE THERE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF METHIONINE ?
FISH MEAL
QUESTION

31. BROODING

32. WHY ARE THE FIRST 2-3 WEEKS OF LIFE SO VERY IMPORTANT FOR CHICKS ?
BROODING
QUESTION

33. SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING
BROODING
WHY IS IT SO CRITICAL ?
ALL THE BIRD’S BODY
SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING

34. BROODING
THERMOREGULATORY
SYSTEM
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
FEATHERING
LEARNING
TO EAT AND DRINK

35. TISSUE TYPES MUSCLE BONE FEATHERS LUNGS BEAK LIVER PANCREAS
SUPPLY TISSUES
DEMAND TISSUES
MUSCLE
BONE
FEATHERS
BEAK
LUNGS
LIVER
PANCREAS
DIGESTIVE TRACT

36. 1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK
RESIDUAL YOLK
IMMATURE
DIGESTIVE TRACT

37. GREATER THAN REST OF BODY
GUT DEVELOPMENT
1 WEEK
OF AGE
HATCH
TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLD
GREATER THAN REST OF BODY

38. THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS
BEFORE THE BRAIN

39. BROODING
COMMERCIAL SCALE

40. BROODING
SMALL SCALE

41. BROODING UNITS
BOX
BATTERY

42. BROODING UNITS
BROODING RINGS

43. BROODING UNITS
LAMP-TYPE BROODER

44. BROODING
BROODING HEAT SOURCES

45. BROODING UNITS

46. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE IF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE
IN THE BROODER ?
THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU
IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
QUESTION

47. BROODING
THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

48. TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDS
GROW VERY RAPIDLY
BODY WEIGHT
BROODING
1000 HOURS
AGE
42 DAYS
MOST CRITICAL PERIOD

49. GIVING CHICKS THE BEST POSSIBLE START
BROODING
GIVING CHICKS THE BEST POSSIBLE START
FEED INTAKE IS
ESSENTIAL

50. WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES
….FACT….
WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES
GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

51. QUESTION WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACED
IN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION

52. CROP FILL QUESTION WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACED
IN THE BROODING AREA ?
CROP FILL
QUESTION

53. CROP FILL

54. GOAL CROP FILL HOURS AFTER PLACEMENT 2 12 24 CROP FILL (% OF CHICKS)75 85
95+

55. LET’S TALK A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT
NUTRITION

56. IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT

57. NUTRITION IS NOT FIXED IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT NUTRITION
IS FIXED

58. NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKING
WHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX
THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?

59. SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN
VITAMINS
MINERALS
WATER

60. VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
…..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT…..
IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN

61. VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
MOST POULTRY
EAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN
ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT

62. FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS
GENERAL NUTRITION
IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER
…TODAY…
FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY
75% OF THE TOTAL COST OF
PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

63. “CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
GENERAL NUTRITION
“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE
STARTER
GROWER
FINISHER
LAYER

64. “CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
GENERAL NUTRITION
“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET BY FEEDING
A “COMPLETE DIET” (BALANCED ENERGY & NUTRIENTS)
2) IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO FEED CRACKED CORN OR
SCRATCH FEED OR LIMESTONE OR OYSTERSHELLS
(REMEMBER: BLENDING WITH GRAINS DILUTES THE NUTRITION)
3) HOME-MIXED FEEDS MAY BE USED BUT INGREDIENTS
MAY BE DIFFICULT “AT TIMES” TO ACQUIRE
4) DO NOT LIMIT FEED CONSUMPTION BY RESTRICTING
FEED BECAUSE THIS WILL DECREASE PERFORMANCE

65. “ORGANIC PRODUCTION” GENERAL NUTRITION
1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DO NOT CHANGE
2) THE FEED MUST BE “ORGANIC” (INCLUDES PASTURES)
3) FEED IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE
4) DRUGS, ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS, ANTIBIOTICS AND “GMO”
PRODUCTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE FEED (NOP LIST)
5) SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND MINERALS ARE ALLOWED
BUT, SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS ARE NOT ALLOWED

66. “ORGANIC PRODUCTION” GENERAL NUTRITION
6) FISHMEAL, ENZYMES AND OYSTER SHELL ARE ALLOWED
7) SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN DIETS
8) ALGAE, EARTHWORM AND INSECT MEALS ARE ALLOWED
9) PROBIOTICS ARE ALLOWED TO BE USED IN FEEDS
10) GRIT IS ALLOWED TO BE USED

67. YES QUESTION WILL THE TYPE OF DIET THAT I FEED
HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIZZARD ?
YES
QUESTION

69. GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS

70. KOILIN LINING

71. KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD
GROOVES

72. OYSTER SHELL, LIMESTONE OR GRIT ?
WHAT ABOUT USING
OYSTER SHELL, LIMESTONE OR GRIT ?
OYSTER SHELL
LIMESTONE
QUESTION
GRANITE GRIT

73. GRIT FED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE
NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE

74. GIZZARD
GRIT
KOILIN LAYER

75. HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
QUESTION
HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK ?

76. HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
QUESTION
HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK ?
…ANSWER…
IT DEPENDS

77. BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION
BODY WEIGHT

78. (UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)
DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
“BROILERS”
(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)
DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML

79. WHY DID THE CHICKEN CROSS THE ROAD ?
FINAL
QUESTION

80. TO PROVE TO THE OPOSSUM IT IS POSSIBLE

81. THANK YOU
VERY MUCH