1. Ancient Egypt Review

2. Egypt is located in northeast Africa

3. The Sahara Desert The world’s hottest desert Bigger than the United States in area The Nile R.

4. 1) Nile River Flows North Ends in the Mediterranean Sea The longest river in the world at 4,160 miles

6. 2) The Red Sea The Red Sea lies between Africa and Asia It is almost 1400 miles long and only 200 miles wide

8. 3) The Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea connects 3 continents: – Africa, Europe, and Asia The Mediterranean Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean

9. 6) Lower Egypt Although to the north, it was called Lower Egypt because of the low-lying land that formed the Nile River Delta

10. 7) Upper Egypt Called Upper Egypt because it is upstream of the Nile River Delta and the land is more elevated The Nile is hard to travel in Upper Egypt because of cataracts (rapids)

11. Benefits The river served as a highway – United the villages along the river – The river made travel between villages easy – Currents carried barges downstream – Sails used to catch winds and travel upstream The river attracted wildlife and fish Papyrus grew along the river- Used to make paper Nile River Delta from space

12. Egyptian Innovations

13. Ships Used for transportation Used for trading along the Nile and in the Mediterranean Sea An exciting discovery of Pharaoh Khufu’s ship https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2Ubf1Y 06Yg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2Ubf1Y 06Yg

14. Papyrus Invented to make it easier to transport information – before papyrus they had to carry around heavy clay tablets! Allowed laws to be distributed to everyone Only scribes some of the royal family and upper classes knew how to read or write -upper classes did not want the ordinary Egyptian people to have this ability http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/ assetGuid/3F3AA2F3-2EDF-4D7E-8950- 562059C920CB http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/ assetGuid/3F3AA2F3-2EDF-4D7E-8950- 562059C920CB

15. Pyramids Made to house the tombs of Pharaohs (tombs included their mummified body and items for afterlife) Egyptians used knowledge of angles and measurements to build them http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/vie w/assetGuid/2314FE9C-3566-4D10-A9DC- 1FFB326A39D5 http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/vie w/assetGuid/2314FE9C-3566-4D10-A9DC- 1FFB326A39D5

16. Sarcophagus Similar to a coffin today Used to house the mummified body of a pharaoh after death Made to look like the real person so they would be accepted into the afterlife

17. Rosetta Stone For centuries, archaeologists struggled to understand hieroglyphics. In 1799, French soldiers found a large rock near the city of Rashid, which was also known as Rosetta. It was inscribed with one message written in three different scripts. – Greek – Hieroglyphics – Demotic script (another form of Egyptian writing) Scholars realized the message was the same in all three scripts and were finally able to decipher the hieroglyphics by using the Greek translation. The rock is on display at the British Museum in London.

18. Religion Definition: belief in a supernatural power considered to have control of human destiny -How were humans created? -What is the meaning of life? -What happens when we die?

19. Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic Polytheism- The belief in many gods. – Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic – Hindus, Ancient Greece Monotheism- The belief in a singular god. – Christianity, Islam, Judaism

20. Gods and Goddesses The Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses – Believed in over 2000 different gods – They believed that some of these gods lived in the sun, sky, the Nile River, the desert, etc. – Often, these gods would take the form of animals or humans or a combination of both

21. Ancient Egyptian Religion Beliefs: – Gods control the forces of nature – Gods control life and death – Gods identified with certain animals – Ka: Life force (spirit) that left the body after death

22. The Afterlife Egyptians believed in life after death Believed that the dead needed to take things with them that they would need in the afterlife – This is why people were often buried with treasure, clothing, and other valuable objects

23. Mummification Preserved the bodies of the dead through mummification Egyptians believed that once they died, they were sent to the Underworld for their next life

24. Egyptian Society The first people began to settle in Egypt around 5000 BCE – People settled along the Nile River because they were able to grow crops and have enough food They formed small villages along the Nile River, similar to city-states in Mesopotamia – Because of the food production, cities and towns along the Nile River began to grow in size They were not united and eventually formed two separate kingdoms: – Lower Egypt – Upper Egypt

25. Two Kingdoms Originally two kingdoms developed along the Nile: – Lower Egypt Northern Nile Good farmland Copper mines in Sinai Peninsula – Upper Egypt Southern Nile Ruler named Menes Conquered Lower Egypt, which led to unification

26. King Menes Unifies Egypt In 3100 BC Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt unified, forming one kingdom – The capital was built at Memphis King Menes became the first pharaoh of Egypt For 3,000 years after Egypt’s unification, pharaohs from at least 31 different dynasties ruled Egypt. Menes unified the two Kingdoms

27. Hatshepsut Ruled from 1479 BCE – 1459 BCE She is considered to be the first female ruler in history Considered to be one of the most successful pharaohs of Egypt: – Strengthened the military – Increased trading with neighbors – Built many great temples throughout Egypt

28. Ramsses the Great Ruled from 1279 BCE – 1213 BCE (60 years) Considered to be one of the most famous pharaohs of Egypt A neighboring group called the Hittites tried to take control of Egypt and Ramses led the Egyptian army to victory – Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE

29. Social Structure Like Mesopotamia, Egyptians were divided into different social classes