1. Fundamentals of Cost Analysis for Decision Making Chapter 4 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2. Differential Analysis L.O. 1 Use differential analysis to analyze decisions. Differential analysis: The process of estimating revenues and costs of alternative actions available to decision makers and of comparing these estimates to the status quo Short run: The period of time over which capacity will be unchanged, usually one year 4 - 2

3. Differential Costs With two or more alternatives, costs that differ among or between alternatives Costs that change in response to an alternative course of action Differential costs differ between actions. Alternative AAlternative B LO1 4 - 3

4. Sunk Costs Costs incurred in the past that cannot be changed by present or future decisions A sunk cost is NOT relevant for making decisions. LO1 4 - 4

5. Differential Analysis and Pricing Decisions L.O. 2 Understand how to apply differential analysis to pricing decisions. Variable costs must always be covered. Fixed costs must be covered in the long run. 4 - 5

6. Short-Run Pricing Decisions: Special Orders An order that will not affect other sales and is usually a one-time occurrence Value of option 1 Value of option 2 Accept special order? Is option 1 > option 2? Option 1 Option 2 Status quo: Reject special order Alternative: Accept special order LO2 4 - 6

7. Long-Run Pricing Decisions L.O. 3 Understand several approaches for establishing prices based on costs for long-run pricing decisions. Full cost is the total cost to produce and sell a unit. Full costs are relevant for the long-term pricing decisions. 4 - 7

8. Life-Cycle Product Costing and Pricing Product life-cycle is concerned with covering costs in all categories of the life cycle. R & DDesignManufacturing Marketing and distribution Customer service Take back (disposal) LO3 4 - 8

9. Target Costing from Target Pricing Target price: The price based on customers’ perceived value for the product and the price that competitors charge What would a customer pay? How much profit do I need? Can I make it at this cost? Target price – Desired profit = Target cost LO3 4 - 9

10. Use of Differential Analysis for Production Decision L.O. 4 Understand how to apply differential analysis to production decisions. Make or buy Decision to make goods or services internally or purchase them externally Add or drop a segment Decision to add or drop a product line or close a business unit Product choice Decision on what products or services to offer (product mix) 4 - 10

11. Add or Drop Decisions Sales revenue Cost of sales (all variable) Contribution margin Less fixed costs: Rent Salaries Marketing and administrative Operating profit (loss) $80,000 53,000 $27,000 4,000 5,000 3,000 $15,000 $10,000 8,000 $ 2,000 1,000 500 $ (500) $50,000 30,000 $20,000 2,000 2,500 1,500 $14,000 Total $20,000 15,000 $ 5,000 1,000 1,500 1,000 $ 1,500 PrintsCamerasFrames U-Develop Fourth Quarter Product Line Income Statement LO4 4 - 11

12. Add or Drop Decisions Sales revenue Cost of sales (all variable) Contribution margin Less fixed costs: Rent Salaries Marketing and administrative Operating profit (loss) $80,000 53,000 $27,000 4,000 5,000 3,000 $15,000 $70,000 45,000 $25,000 4,000 2,750 $14,250 $10,000 decrease 8,000 decrease $ 2,000 decrease -0- 1,000 decrease 250 decrease $ 750 decrease Status quo: Keep prints Alternative: Drop printsDifference U-Develop Differential Analysis Profits decrease $750, so keep prints. LO4 4 - 12

13. Product Choice Decisions U-Develop Revenue and Cost Information $50 8 4 $30 Price Less: Variable costs per unit Material Labor Overhead Contribution margin per unit Fixed costs Manufacturing Marketing and administrative $80 22 24 4 $30 Metal frames Total $3,000 1,500 $4,500 Wood frames LO4 4 - 13

14. Product Choice Decisions U-Develop Revenue and Cost Information $ 30 ÷ 0.5 $ 60 Per unit: Contribution margin Machine hours required Contribution margin per machine hour $ 30 ÷ 1.0 $ 30 Metal frames Wood frames Metal Frames have a higher contribution margin per machine hour. LO4 4 - 14

15. Product Choice Decisions Suppose U-Develop has 200 machine hours per month available. 400 × $30 $12,000 3,000 1,500 $ 7,500 Capacity Contribution margin per unit Total contribution margin Less: Fixed manufacturing costs Less: Fixed marketing and admin. costs Operating profit 200 × $30 $6,000 3,000 1,500 $1,500 Metal frames Wood frames Selling metal frames will result in higher profits than selling wooden frames. LO4 4 - 15

16. The Theory of Constraints L.O. 5 Understand the theory of constraints. Theory of constraints: Focuses on revenue and cost management when faced with bottlenecks Bottleneck: Operation where the work required limits production The bottleneck is the constraining resource. Throughput contribution: Sales dollars minus direct materials costs and variables such as energy and piecework labor 4 - 16

17. End of Chapter 4 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin