1. SOFTWARE-what is it? Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage devices and display devices are hardware. The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software problem." JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

2. SOFTWARE-what is it? The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is recorded. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

3. SOFTWARE-what is it? Software is often divided into two categories: systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. applications software : Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

4. SOFTWARE-configurations System Software: Refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level. Software is generally divided into systems software and applications software. Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as word processors, database systems, and spreadsheet programs. Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

5. SOFTWARE-operating system operating system The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

6. SOFTWARE-operating system For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

7. SOFTWARE-operating system Operating systems can be classified as follows: multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently. multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real- time. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

8. SOFTWARE-operating system Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

9. SOFTWARE-operating system As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the screen. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

10. SOFTWARE-operating system-DOS Acronym for disk operating system.Acronym for disk operating system. The term DOS can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used as a shorthand for MS-DOS (Microsoft disk operating system). Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM- compatible personal computers. The initial versions of DOS were very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have became increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of minicomputer operating systems. However, DOS is still a 16-bit operating system and does not support multiple users or multitasking. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

11. SOFTWARE-operating system-DOS Acronym for disk operating system.Acronym for disk operating system. For some time, it has been widely acknowledged that DOS is insufficient for modern computer applications. Microsoft Windows helped alleviate some problems, but still, it sat on top of DOS and relied on DOS for many services. Even Windows 95 sat on top of DOS. Newer operating systems, such as Windows NT and OS/2 Warp, do not rely on DOS to the same extent, although they can execute DOS-based programs. It is expected that as these operating systems gain market share, DOS will eventually disappear. In the meantime, Caldera, Inc. markets a version of DOS called DR-OpenDOS that extends MS- DOS in significant ways. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

12. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS FAMILY Microsoft Windows A family of operating systems for personal computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal computers. The remaining 10% are mostly Macintosh computers. Like the Macintosh operating environment, Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

13. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS FAMILY JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

14. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP The "XP" in Windows XP stands for "eXPerience." An operating system introduced in 2001 from Microsoft's Windows family of operating systems, the previous version of Windows being Windows Me. Microsoft called the release its most important product since Windows 95. Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, the new operating system is built on the Windows 2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment than previous versions of Windows. Windows XP comes in two versions, Home and Professional. The company has focused on mobility for both editions, including plug and play features for connecting to wireless networks. The operating system also utilizes the 802.11x wireless security standard. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

15. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP What Is a Windows System Registry? The system registry is one of the most important parts of a Windows-based computer system. Not to be tampered with lightly, the registry is a system-defined database used by the Windows operating system to store configuration information. Most Windows applications write data to the registry during installation, and system components store and retrieve configuration data through the registry. The data stored in the registry varies according to the version of Microsoft Windows. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

16. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

17. Registry Structure: The Tree, Nodes and Keys The data is stored in the registry in a tree structure format, for those who have never opened the Registry Editor, you'd find its layout is similar to what you would see when you open your Windows Explorer. Each node within the registry tree contains a key which may have both subkeys and data entries (called values). Depending on the application you run, the application may need only the associated key while others may need the value data set for that specific key. A hive in the registry is a group of keys, subkeys, and values in the registry that has a set of supporting files containing backups of its data. The Windows boot process automatically retrieves data from these supporting files. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

18. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP How Applications Use the Registry Applications use the registry in several ways. They can add data to your registry by creating or opening existing keys. When applications add to the registry, the data is sorted by computer-specific data or user-specific data. Through this distinction applications can support multiple users and locate user profile data. An application can close a key and write the data it contains into the registry and applications can delete a value from a key or delete a key. Applications can also save specific data, or parts of the system registry in a file to load that file into the registry which is common when large amounts of data is being handled, or when multiple entries are being added to the registry. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

19. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP Problems Associated With The Registry Users can experience computer problems caused by system registry errors for several reasons. Problems with the computer itself will usually occur because of invalid or missing keys in the Windows registry. Some signs of trouble include computer system crashes, stalls, or even a noticeably slower operating speed. Of course knowing what causes errors in your system registry can go a long way to avoiding registry problems in the future. In most cases, problems with your registry occur from user actions mainly involving the installation or removal of software and hardware on your computer. If you frequently install or uninstall programs, delete startup programs, change hardware and do not remove old drivers (or have corrupted hardware drivers), delete software which was not properly uninstalled, or have installed a program with embedded spyware on your computer, then you may experience problems with your Windows system registry. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

20. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP Registry Backup and Restore Some versions of Windows operating systems such as Windows 98, will create a backup of your system registry for you everyday provided your computer was rebooted during that calendar day. Unfortunately, the problems you may wish to fix with a registry restore may be included in the most recent backup, so it is advisable to start making your own registry backups instead of relying on those generated by Windows. It is important to note that the process for backing up and restoring a registry will differ between versions of Windows, and you should search the Microsoft Web site for exact instructions pertaining to your version of Windows. Windows ME and Windows XP make system restore a bit easier as both have a System Restore feature that securely stores data that can later be used to put your system back to a previous state when it was known to function correctly. JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

21. SOFTWARE-operating system-WINDOS XP For more about WİNDOWS XP you have to connect the links below:For more about WİNDOWS XP you have to connect the links below: For general view: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/default.mspx For overview of xp and capability: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/default.mspx For set up of xp: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/setup/default.mspx For maintaining Your Computer : http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/setup/maintain/default.mspx For automatic Updates Fix Compatibility Problems by Charlie Russel: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/setup/learnmore/russel_july23. mspx For Windows XP Security and Privacy : http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/security/default.mspx For home and small office networking with Windows XP: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/default.mspx JEM209-Doc.Dr.Kavusan

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