1. Biochemistry of Blood Elements Vladimíra Kvasnicová The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm

2. Blood Elements Count erythrocytes4 - 6 x 10 6 /  l leukocytes4 - 9 x 10 3 /  l neutrophils47 - 75 % eosinophils 1 - 4 % basophils 0 - 1 % lymphocytes 23 - 45 % monocytes 2 - 11 % thrombocytes150 - 400 x 10 3 /  l

3. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) The figure is found at http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~hema/hematopoitic%20cell%20differentiation/RBC.htm (March 2007)http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~hema/hematopoitic%20cell%20differentiation/RBC.htm

4. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 1.Function  erythrocyte as a bag for hemoglobin  O 2 → transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS)  CO 2 → transport, formation of HCO 3 -  H + → transport, maintaining pH (35% of blood buffering capacity)

5. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 2.Structure  large surface (diffusion of gases)  cytoskeletal proteins (elasticity)  membrane as an osmometer (Na + /K + -ATPase) The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm

6. The figure is found at http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/bms/nour/bms520/content/blood/b9.htm (March 2007)http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/bms/nour/bms520/content/blood/b9.htm hemolysis (blood, plasma) What happens to red blood cells when placed in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions? osmolarity (285 mosmol/l) acanthocytes

7. The figures are found at http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/spherocytes_nw.jpg and http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/4.23b.jpg (March 2007)http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/spherocytes_nw.jpg http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/4.23b.jpg Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) membrane and cytoskeletal proteins hereditary spherocytosis

8. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 3. membrane transporters  Na + /K + -ATPase (active transport)  GLUT-1 (insulin independent)  anion exchanger = band 3 protein (Cl - /HCO 3 - ) 4. membrane antigens  blood groups

9. The figure is found at http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci422/mosser/ABO.gif (March 2007)http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci422/mosser/ABO.gif ABO system

10. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 5. metabolism  glucose is the main fuel  90% anaerobic glycolysis (ATP, lactate: Cori cycle; 2,3-BPG)  10% hexose monophosphate pathway (NADPH)  enzyme defects : * glucose-6-P dehydrogenase * pyruvate kinase → hemolytic anemia

11. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 5. other important enzymes  carbonate dehydratase (= carbonic anhydrase, CA)  methemoglobin reductase  superoxide dismutase  catalase antioxidative system  glutathione peroxidase  glutathione reductase

12. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) superoxide dismutase (SOD) O 2 + O 2 + 2 H +  H 2 O 2 + O 2 catalase (CAT) H 2 O 2 + H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2

13. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 2 GSH + H 2 O 2  GS-SG + 2 H 2 O 2 GSH + R-O-OH  GS-SG + H 2 O + ROH The figure is found at http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM47/ResM ethods2003/graphics/?M=A (March 2007) http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM47/ResM ethods2003/graphics/?M=A glutathione = „redox buffer“

14. The figure is found at http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/ppp.html (March 2007)http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/ppp.html Hexose Monophosphate Pathway glutathione reductase GS-SG + NADPH+H + 2 GSH + NADP +

15. The figure is found at http://www.vrp.com/newsimages/march04Fig1.jpg (March 2007)http://www.vrp.com/newsimages/march04Fig1.jpg 2 Glutathione system NADPH+H +

16. The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 6. Erythropoesis

17. The figure is found at http://faculty.ccp.edu/dept/biol/All_five_leukocytes.jpg (March 2007)http://faculty.ccp.edu/dept/biol/All_five_leukocytes.jpg White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

18. Classification granulocytes  neutrophils (phagocytosis)  eosinophils (alergy, parasites)  basophils (alergy) agranulocytes  monocytes → macrophages  lymphocytes (B, T)

19. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in blood elements ERYTHROCYTES  enzymes for deactivation of ROS formed from high content of oxygen found in the cells PHAGOCYTES  enzymes for production of ROS and RNS to destroy particles in phagosomes

20. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) Neutrophils (microphages) high content of lysosoms (hydrolytic enzymes) few mitochondria glucose dependent: NADPH production NADPH is used for production of reactive oxygen species → they kill bacteria after activation: RESPIRATORY BURST = increased consumption of O 2 and glucose

21. The figure is found at http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bloodcells/radicals.gif (March 2007)http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bloodcells/radicals.gif Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophils ClO -

22. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) The figure is found at http://www.pigur.co.il/imgpku/no_synthesis.gif (March 2007)http://www.pigur.co.il/imgpku/no_synthesis.gif NO · is a reactive nitrogen species used by phagocytes i NOS

23. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) proteolytic enzymes /  elastase  collagenase  gelatinase  kathepsin G protease inhibitors   1 -protease inhibitor (=  1 -antitrypsin)   1 -antichymotrypsin   2 -macroglobulin produced by phagocytes = plasma proteins Their ratio affects an extent of inflammation!

24. The figures are found at http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~lslpc/BioPhyTalk/heparin01.jpg and http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~mqzwww/images/histamine.gif (March 2007)http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~lslpc/BioPhyTalk/heparin01.jpg http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~mqzwww/images/histamine.gif Basofils contain heparin and histamine

25. The figure is found at http://www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk/~immuno/part1/lec06/ab12.gif (March 2007)http://www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk/~immuno/part1/lec06/ab12.gif B-lymphocytes produce antibodies (= immunoglobulins,  -globulins) (  or ) ( , , , ,  )

26. The figure is found at http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$590 (March 2007)http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$590 Platelets (thrombocytes)

27. The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm (March 2007)http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm Platelets (thrombocytes) participate in hemostasis adhesion: glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (hyalomera) activation: free collagen, thrombin, ADP, TxA 2, serotonin contraction of thrombus: Ca 2+, glycogen, ATP