1. Dr Mohamed El Safwany, MD.

2.  The student should be able at the end of this lecture to recognize various radiographic principles of fractures.

3. “A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone. A bone fracture can be the result of high force impact or stress, or trivial injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, and bone cancer.”

4. * A fracture is a broken bone that depending upon physical pressure or stress that was exerted on the bone,it can be a large or small fracture. Symptoms of a fracture are: swelling, deformity, pain, and loss of function. Treatment for fracture is to get an x-ray, reduction, fixation, surgery, and rehabilitation.

5. There are several types of fractures such as closed, comminuted, compound, compression, fracture, greenstick, impacted, oblique, pathologic, spiral, stress, and transverse.

6.  Simple  Colles’  Comminuted  Compound  Compression  Greenstick  Impacted  Oblique  Pathologic  Spiral  Stress  Transverse

7. Signs and symptoms of fracture can vary depending on both the individual and the type of fracture Some general signs and symptoms of fracture include:  Local Pain  Local Swelling  Discoloration  Deformity/Dislocation  Inability to apply pressure  Low pulse below fracture  Possible nerve damage (numbness/paralysis)

9.  Is a wrist fracture.  Is a transverse fracture of radius  Is a common fracture in elders, children, and women.  Elders and children can fall easily and fall in their wrist putting stress in that particular area causing it to break.  Colles’ fractures can occur in women due to postmenopausal osteoporosis.

10.  Symptoms of colles’ fracture are: wrist pain, swelling of wrist, deformity of wrist, unable to do activities with the hand.  What to do when a colles’ fracture happens?  * Rest injured arm in a elevated position on a pillowed or a soft surface.  * Put ice on wrist to reduce inflammation  Treatment  *Get an x-ray to indicate reduction, possible surgery and rehabilitation. Prevent falling and hurting same wrist and follow a well balance diet.

12.  Fracture in which bone is shattered, or crushed into many small pieces”  Is a multi-fracture in a bone causing it to brake in many parts in the same region.  At least three broken pieces in the same region of the bone should be present to be a comminuted fracture.  A comminuted fracture is one of the most painful fractures and one of the fractures that take longer to heal.

13.  Is a fracture that occurs in elderly people or people with weak bones.  People with cancer are prominent to have this kind of fracture due to weak bones.  Symptoms where fractured happens are: swelling, warm, and cant handle weight.  Complications of comminuted fracture can include compartment syndrome and necrosis when bone fails to join together.

15.  Complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angle to the long axis of the bone.  The bone is broken in a perpendicular manner into two pieces.  This fracture is common in people that play karate or runners.  Treatment to put bone together might require a cast, metal pins, or screws.  Complication of transverse fracture is nerve damage.

17.  A type of bone fracture that is caused by a twisting force.  Difficult to treat, often requiring months in a cast and possible surgery.  Diagnosed by x-ray and examination.

18.  Also known as an Open Fracture.  Fracture in which the broken bone pierces through the skin.  Usually needs immediate surgical treatment for best healing.  If left untreated, bacteria can enter the wound and cause infection.  Length of healing is typically at least 2 months or more depending on the severity of the break and surgery.

19.  Reduction of fracture (aligning of broken ends of bone)  Splinting  Plaster Cast  Surgery  Traction  Metal Supports (screws, rods, plates, etc.)  Rehabilitation  Physiotherapy

20.  Two student will be selected for assignment.

21.  David Sutton’s Radiology

22.  What are the various types of fracture?

23.  Thank you