1. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

2. Four widely used devices waste large amounts of energy: Incandescent light bulb: 95% is lost as heat. Internal combustion engine: 94% of the energy in its fuel is wasted. Nuclear power plant: 92% of energy is wasted through nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management. Coal-burning power plant: 66% of the energy released by burning coal is lost. REDUCING ENERGY WASTE AND IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

3. WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)

4. General features of a car powered by a hybrid-electric engine WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

5. Fuel-efficient vehicles powered by a fuel cell that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed. Combines hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and oxygen gas (O 2 ) fuel to produce electricity and water vapor (2H 2 +O 2  2H 2 O). Emits no air pollution or CO 2 if the hydrogen is produced from renewable- energy sources. FUEL-CELL VEHICLES

6. Fuel Cell Automobiles

8. Operational costs are less Electric motors have very few moving parts No pollutant emissions Quieter Reduced oil consumption ELECTRIC VEHICLES

9. Accredited more than 25,000 building professionals in energy and environmental design Established energy and environmental design guidelines Certifies buildings for meeting guidelines U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL’S LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (LEED)

10. Surrounding area has porous pavement bricks to replenish aquifer Solar cells provide about 10% of energy Solar hot water heating system Roof garden Concrete building blocks filled with foam Water-free urinals CHINA’S MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUILDING

11. Roofs covered with plants have been used for decades in Europe and Iceland. These roofs are built from a blend of light- weight compost, mulch and sponge-like materials that hold water. GREEN ROOFS

12. We can heat buildings by orienting them toward the sun or by pumping a liquid such as water through rooftop collectors. HEATING BUILDINGS AND WATER WITH SOLAR ENERGY

13. Passive solar heating system absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a structure without the need for pumps to distribute the heat. PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

14. Direct Gain Summer sun Hot air Warm air Super- insulated windows Winter sun Cool air Earth tubes Ceiling and north wall heavily insulated Windows facing South

15. We can cool houses by: Superinsulating them. Taking advantages of breezes. Shading them. Having light colored or green roofs. Using geothermal cooling. COOLING HOUSES NATURALLY

16. Ground Source Heating and Cooling: Ground source heating and cooling can be done almost anywhere in the United States using a geothermal heat pump, a highly efficient renewable energy technology that takes advantage of the constant temperature of the earth beneath the surface. The heat pump transfers heat stored in the Earth or in ground water into a building during the winter, and transfers it out of the building and back into the ground during the summer. In other words, the ground acts as a heat source in winter and a heat sink in summer.

17. Large arrays of solar collectors in sunny deserts can produce high-temperature heat to spin turbines for electricity, but costs are high USING SOLAR ENERGY TO GENERATE HIGH- TEMPERATURE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

20. Parabolic trough solar thermal electric power plant located near Kramer Junction, California (uses thermo oil Heat Transfer Fluid)

22. Solar cookers – focus sun’s energy to heat (radiation) PRODUCING THERMAL HEAT

23. Photovoltaic (PV) cells can provide electricity for a house of building using solar-cell roof shingles PRODUCING ELECTRICITY WITH SOLAR CELLS

24. Solar cells can be used in rural villages with ample sunlight who are not connected to an electrical grid PRODUCING ELECTRICITY WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS

25. Konarka Technologies

26. Trade-Offs Solar Cells AdvantagesDisadvantages Fairly high net energyNeed access to sun Work on cloudy days Low efficiency Quick installation Need electricity storage system or backup Easily expanded or moved No CO 2 emissions High land use (solar-cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas Low environmental impact Last 20–40 years Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows) High costs (but should be competitive in 5–15 years) Reduces dependence on fossil fuels DC current must be converted to AC

27. Wind power is the world’s most promising energy resource because it is abundant, inexhaustible, widely distributed, cheap, clean, and emits no greenhouse gases. Much of the world’s potential for wind power remains untapped. Capturing only 20% of the wind energy at the world’s best energy sites could meet all the world’s energy demands. PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

28. Wind turbines can be used individually to produce electricity. They are also used interconnected in arrays on wind farms PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

30. MagLev Wind Turbine Industries in Arizona Uses magnetic levitation to limit friction between moving parts 3.3 mph wind Creates 20% more energy Safe for birds Produce power around 1 penny per kilowatt hour

32. Bahrain World Trade Center

33. Growth in Global Wind Power Installed Capacity

35. Trade-Offs Wind Power AdvantagesDisadvantages Moderate to high net energySteady winds needed Backup systems needed when winds are low High efficiency Moderate capital cost Low electricity cost (and falling) High land use for wind farm Very low environmental impact No CO 2 emissions Visual pollution Quick construction Noise when located near populated areas Easily expanded Can be located at sea Land below turbines can be used to grow crops or graze livestock May interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey

36. The scarcity of fuelwood causes people to make fuel briquettes from cow dung in India. This deprives soil of plant nutrients PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS

37. Wind will blow through the middle where a turbine is located The World’s greenest skyscraper – Pearl River Tower in China 71-story; 2.3 million square feet Rainwater collection system Solar water to provide hot water for the building Use wind patterns to spin wind turbines Photovoltaic panels on outside “skin” of building Raised floor ventilation – keep building cool