1. Food Chain & Food Web
A food chain shows HOW each living thing gets its food.
A food web consists of several food chains
A food web = multiple food chains

2. PRODUCERS: plants at the bottom of the food chain PRIMARY CONSUMER: eats the producers SECONDARY CONSUMER: eats primary consumer TERTIARY CONSUMER: eats secondary consumer
Sun=The source of energy
DECOMPOSERS: fungi, bacteria speed up the decaying process of dead animals and plants

3. Test your understanding
What does stability of an ecosystem depends on? (Only address the food chain and food web aspect):
Ans: the stability of its producers and decomposers
Explain why stability of producers and decomposers are important:

4. Illustrate an aquatic food chain and identify producers, various consumer
shark
algae
Zoo plankton
fish
shark
whale
phytoplankton
fish
shark
Zoo plankton

5. Phytoplankton/Zooplankton (Plankton), Clams, Whelks, Turtles, and Sharks

6. Phytoplankton/Zooplankton (Plankton), Clams, Whelks, Turtles, and Sharks. 
See the next slides for each part of the food chain.  
Food Chain: Plankton
Plankton include microscopic plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in the ocean. Plankton are the start of most oceanic food chains.
There are many species of plankton and each has a characteristic shape. Plankton may be phytoplankton (plant-like organisms - producers) or zooplankton (animal-like organisms - consumers).
Loggerhead turtles eat plankton when they are very young and small juveniles. Clams also eat plankton

7. FOOD CHAIN ORDER CARNIVORES LIONS, EAGLES TERTIARY CONSUMERS
WOLVES, SNAKES
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
PRIMARY CONSUMERS
HERBIVORE
DEER, BUNNY
PRODUCERS
PLANTS

8. Categories in food chain

10. What do decomposers eat?
Typically, food webs go like this:
remember: decomposers receive energy from all other organisms in an ecosystem
CONSUMER (CARNIVORE)
CONSUMER (OMNIVORE)
CONSUMER (HERBIVORE)
DECOMPOSER
PRODUCER

11. What is an energy pyramid? What is a trophic level?
ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM
What is an energy pyramid?
What is a trophic level?

12. ENERGY PYRAMIDS
Energy pyramids show the transfer of energy through a food chain
the pyramid is made of levels
FISH
SNAIL
GRASS

13. The further along the food chain you go, the less food (and hence energy) remains available.
                                                                                 
TROPHIC LEVEL = PYRAMID OF ENERGY
Where do producers get their energy from?
Which of the above categories has the highest food energy?

14. Why is there less food energy available at the top of the pyramid?
Because most of the energy gets lost into the environment at each link.
90 % of the energy is lost to the environment as HEAT
10% of the energy is transferred

15. Energy pyramid

16. A producer receives all the energy in an ecosystem
100% 1%
Secondary consumers
10%
Primary consumers
Producers

17. TROPHIC LEVELS A trophic level is:
a step in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem
a level in an energy pyramid
Secondary
Consumers
1 %
10 %
Primary
Consumers
Different trophic levels:
producer
consumer
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
100 %
Producers

18. ENERGY PYRAMIDS Energy is lost with each transfer in a food chain
90% of the energy available at a level is released to the environment as heat
10% of the energy is incorporated or used
Only about 10% of the energy from a previous level is passed on to the consumer

19. FOOD WEBS
A food web shows all feeding relationships in an ecosystem (made of many food chains)

21. Which one will be impacted most by removing coyote
lion
hawk
coyote
rabbit
grass

22. Check for understanding
what is the source of energy for producers?
what is the source of energy for primary consumers?
what is the source of energy for decomposers?
omnivores eat both _______ and _______
herbivores eat ________
carnivores eat _______________
bacteria, fungi are examples of __________

23. percent of energy for primary consumers is _______ %
percent of energy for secondary consumers is ________ %
from one link to the other link in a food chain only 10% of the energy is transferred the rest of the energy (the other 90%) is lost as _________. This results in _________ organism at the lower levels and __________ organisms at the higher level

24. population
Population is a group of same species occupying the same area (location)
Or:
A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area.

25. community
A community is a group of different species (organisms) interacting with each other and sharing (populating) the same location (area)
a community is a group of interacting species sharing a populated environment

26. Ecosystem A community and its environment Ecosystem = biotic + abiotic
Ecosystem = community + environment

27. 2.Niche is how an organism uses its
1. An organism’s niche is what it does
(job or role) in its ecosystem
2.Niche is how an organism uses its
environment
Organisms with different niches can divide up the environment that they are in

28. HABITAT & NICHE
An organism’s habitat is where it lives (home or natural environment)
examples?
When an organism’s habitat or niche are changed, it can lead to extinction (the local or global disappearance of a species)
niche or habitat competition
EXAMPLE: you and a friend both want an apartment, you compete, and only one of you will get it (habitat)
EXAMPLE: you and a friend both want a job, you compete, and only one of you will get it (niche)

29. biodiversity
Watch the biodiversity video

30. Which ecosystem is more biodiverse? Explain your answer
Ecosystem A: has three types of plants and 10 types of consumers
Ecosystem B: has two types of plants and 6 types of consumers
Biodiversity = variety of species + quantity
Ecosystem C: has 20 grass, 10 rabbits, 4 snakes
Ecosystem D: has 50 grass, 20 rabbits, 10 snakes

32. BIODIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEMS
Biodiversity is:
the sum total of different kinds of organisms
the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem
∆s (changes) in habitat affect biodiversity
∆ = effect on biodiversity
e.g. natural disaster = decrease in biodiversity
When an ecosystem has more biodiversity:
it is more stable
It is more resilient

33. BIODIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEMS
Two types of organisms based on how they obtain energy:
autotrophs – using the sun energy, make their own food
Producers
Do photosynthesis
heterotrophs - get energy from other organisms
decomposers (recyclers of plant/animal waste)
consumers are heterotrophs and are part of the cycle P D
The stability of an ecosystem depends on the stability of its producers and decomposers. It is very important b/c they produce and recycle organic material

34. DECOMPOSERS
Decomposers recycle organic material through an ecosystem

35. Which ecosystem is more biodiverse? Explain your answer
Ecosystem A: has three types of plants and 10 types of consumers
Ecosystem B: has two types of plants and 6 types of consumers
Biodiversity = variety of species + quantity
Ecosystem C: has 20 grass, 10 rabbits, 4 snakes
Ecosystem D: has 50 grass, 20 rabbits, 10 snakes

36. Consumers
Primary consumers =
Secondary & Tertiary consumers =

37. Mini quiz what is the benefit of decomposers
how do decomposers benefit the quality of the soil?
the job or role of an organism in the environment is called ________
how organisms use their environment is called ________

38. organism with different niches can _______ ___ an environment that they are living in. So they can live in the same environment
population is made of _______
communities are made of different _________
species, _________, community, ecosystem (environment and the community)
________, population, community, ecosystem

39. bacteria, fungai are examples of __________
__________ get their energy directly from the environment and make their food examples are: trees, flowers, algae.
_______ can not make their own food. examples: lions, decomposers, human
sun is the source of _________
total sum of all kinds of different organisms living in an ecosystem is called ______

40. TYPES OF CONSUMERS You are what you eat!
Eat herbs (plants)? You’re an herbivore.
Herbivores are consumers that eat only producers
Eat carne (meat)? You’re a carnivore.
Carnivores are consumers that eat only consumers
Eat everything (plants + meat)? You’re an omnivore.
Omnivores are consumers that eat producers and consumers

41. FOOD CHAINS & WEBS What are food chains and food webs?
How does energy move through an ecosystem?
What is an organism’s habitat and niche?

42. FOOD CHAINS
A food chain is a sequence of energy transfer from one organism to another
energy flows from producers to consumers
arrows follow the energy (from what is eaten to what is eating)

44. FOOD WEBS
A food web shows all feeding relationships in an ecosystem (made of many food chains)

45. FOOD WEBS Typically, food webs go like this:
remember: decomposers receive energy from all other organisms in an ecosystem
CONSUMER (CARNIVORE)
CONSUMER (OMNIVORE)
CONSUMER (HERBIVORE)
DECOMPOSER
PRODUCER

46. FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS END OF NOTES (DAY 2)
Practice! Draw a food chain that includes the following organisms:
grasshopper
mouse
grass
owl
CONSUMER (CARNIVORE)
END OF NOTES
(DAY 2)
CONSUMER (CARNIVORE)
CONSUMER (HERBIVORE)
Now label the organisms as producers, consumers (which type?), or decomposers
PRODUCER

47. What is an energy pyramid? What is a trophic level?
ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM
What is an energy pyramid?
What is a trophic level?

48. ENERGY PYRAMIDS
Energy pyramids show the transfer of energy through a food chain
the pyramid is made of levels
FISH
SNAIL
GRASS

49. ENERGY PYRAMIDS Energy is lost with each transfer in a food chain
~90% of the energy available at a level is released to the environment as heat
~10% of the energy is incorporated or used
Only about 10% of the energy from a previous level is passed on to the consumer
100,000 J

50. ENERGY PYRAMIDS The energy pyramid is shaped that way to show:
producers form the base of the pyramid
there are fewer organisms at the top and there is less energy at the top
there are more organisms and energy at the bottom
0.1 %
1 %
10 %
100 %

51. TROPHIC LEVELS A trophic level is:
a step in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem
a level in an energy pyramid
Secondary
Consumers
1 %
10 %
Primary
Consumers
Different trophic levels:
producer
consumer
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
100 %
Producers

52. ENERGY PYRAMIDS
Practice! If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic level, what percentages of the energy are available at the second and third trophic levels? 1%
10%
100%

53. ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM MINI - QUIZ!
All organisms in an ecosystem need _______ from food to live. An energy ________ shows how much food energy is passed from one ________ to another through food chains. __________ have the largest spot at the base of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of the food energy at each level gets passed up to the next level.
energy
pyramid
organism
Producers
10%