1. Kingdom Protista

2. Protozoa The Animal-Like Protists
Kingdom Protista
Protozoa
The Animal-Like Protists

3. Sec 26.1 Overview of Protozoa

4. Red Diatoms Golden Green Euglenoids Brown Algae Ciliophorans Water
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids
Cellular
Slime Mold
Water
Mold
Plasmodial
Sporozoans
Ciliophorans
Sarcodinians
Zooflagellates
Protist Ancestor
Brown
Algae
Green
Red
Diatoms
Plant like
Animal like
Golden

5. Plant like Protist Ancestor Animal like Sarcodinians Zooflagellates
Dinoflagellates
Sarcodinians
Zooflagellates
Ciliophorans
Sporozoans
Plasmodial
Slime Mold
Cellular
Water
Mold
Protist Ancestor
Brown
Algae
Green
Red
Euglenoids
Diatoms
Plant like
Animal like
Golden

6. Characteristics of Protozoa
Single-celled microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are noted for their ability to move
Sometimes referred to as animal-like protists
Live in many environments
Most are heterotrophic, obtaining their nutrients by ingesting small molecules into food vacuoles

7. Characteristics - continued
Most live in aquatic environments
Many species make up zooplankton
Parasitic protists have complex life cycles that are very harmful to their host.

8. Reproduction
All protozoa can reproduce asexually, usually by binary fission
Some species reproduce by multiple fission
Some species are able to reproduce sexually through conjugation

9. Classification Protozoa are classified based on the way they move
There are four phyla of protozoans
Phylum
Common Name
Locomotion
Sarcodina
Sarcodines
Pseudopodia
Ciliophora
Ciliates
Cilia
Zoomastigina
Zooflagellates
Flagella
Sporozoa
Sporozoans
None in adults

10. Adaptations
Many free-living species have a localized region of pigment, a substance that produces a characteristic color in an organism, called an eyespot or stigma.
Eyespots detect changes in the quantity and quality of light.

11. Adaptations - continued
Certain species also sense physical and chemical changes or obstacles in their environment
Most are separated from their environment by their cell membrane.

12. Adaptations - continued
Some species have the ability to survive in extreme conditions due to their ability to form cysts
A cyst is a dormant form characterized by a hardened external covering in which metabolic activity has ceased.
Many form cysts in response to changes in the environment such a drought, decrease in oxygen supplies, etc.

13. Evolution of Eukaryotes

14. Complete RG & Rev 26.1

15. Sec 26.2 – Protozoan Diversity

16. Phylum Sarcodina
Sarcodines include hundreds of species of Amoebas, which inhabit freshwater, salt water and soil.
Sarcodines move by pseudopods, lobe extensions of cytoplasm, known as amoeboid movement.

17. Phylum Sarcodina - Movement
Pseudopodia forms when endoplasm pushes the ectoplasm forward to create an arm like extension
Then the cytoplasm streams into the pseudopodia and pulls the organism

18. Amoeba proteus
Pseudopodium: part of the Amoeba used for locomotion. Ectoplasm: vitreous superficial layer of an Amoeba. Endoplasm: central part of an Amoeba. Cell membrane: membrane covering an Amoeba. Contractile vacuole: cavity of the amoeba that is able to contract. Food vacuole: cavity of the Amoeba responsible for digestion. Nucleus: central organelle for an Amoeba. Digestive vacuole: cavity of the Amoeba responsible for digestion.

19. Phylum Sarcodina - Feeding
Sarcodines also use pseudopodia for feeding.
When a sarcodine feeds, it surrounds the food with its pseudopodia.
A portion of the cell membrane then pinches together and surround the food to form a food vacuole, in a process called endocytosis.
Undigested food leaves the cell in a reverse process called exocytosis.

20. Phylum Sarcodina - Features
Most fresh water sarcodines have contractile vacuoles
When conditions are unfavorable ameobas survive by becoming cysts
Some sarcodinians have hard shell or tests of calcium carbonate or silica which has accumulated over the years to form Earth’s limestone beds.

21. Sarcodinians and Humans
Amoebas as cysts can spread by water, in food or on dirty dishes to spread Amoebic dysentry, which secretes enzymes that attack our intestinal lining
This disease can cause deep ulcers and other organ complications.

22. Phylum Ciliophora Members of this phylum swim by means of cilia
The cilia is used for movement by beating like oars to propel the protist
Most ciliates live in freshwater.

23. Paramecium caudata
Pellicle – protective covering over the cell that regulates material in and out of the cell
Oral Groove, mouth pore, gullet and food vacuoles are where food travels to be digested
Anal pore – where undigested material is removed from the cell
Contractile vacuoles – remove excess water
Macronucleus – controls cell activities
Micronucleus – used in conjugation

24. Phylum Ciliophora - Conjugation
In conjugation, two opposite mating strains exchange genetic material
Although genetic material is exchanged during conjugation, no new cells are produced.
Following conjugation, each paramecium divides producing four genetically identical paramecia

25. Phylum Zoomastigina
The members of this phylum are characterized by the presence of one or more flagella
Some are free-living freshwater or marine organism

26. Phylum Zoomastigina
Many live inside other organisms in symbiotic relationships
The symbiotic relationships can be
Mutualistic – both organisms benefit
Parasitic – causes harm to the host

27. Phylum Sporozoa
Members of this phylum have adult forms with NO means of movement
Most sporozoans are spore-forming parasitic protozoans
The name sporozoan comes from the fact that when they are immature, they are surrounded by thick, sporelike walls

28. Phylum Sporozoa Adult sporozoans have no structures for movement.
Immature sporozoans called sporozoites, can be transmitted through fluids from one host to another.

29. Life Cycle of Plasmodium

30. Complete RG & Rev 26.2 Due tomorrow

31. Algae The Plant-like Protists
Kingdom Protista
Algae
The Plant-like Protists

32. Sec 27-1 Overview of Algae

33. Algae Characteristics
Algae are a diverse group of protists, they range in size from microscopic unicellular to large multicellular seaweeds.
Algae are autotrophic and perform plant-like photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll

34. Algae Characteristics continued
Algae are different from plants because the lack tissue differentiation and have no true roots, stems or leaves
The reproductive structures form gametes in single-celled gametangia, gamete chambers where as plants have a multicellular chamber.

35. Algae Characteristics continued
All algae
Are aquatic, live in freshwater or marine environments
Have flagella at some point in their life cycle
Have pyrenoids, which are special organelles that synthesize and store starch

36. Algae Structure The body portion of an alga is called a thallus
The thallus comes in four different body types
Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
Multicellular

37. Unicellular Algae Consists of a single cell
Most are aquatic organisms, form the phytoplankton
Produces half of the world’s carbohydrates and are among the major producers of oxygen

38. Colonial Algae
Have a structure that consists of groups of cells acting in a coordinated manner
Some cells become specialized for feeding and reproduction.

39. Filamentous Algae
Have a slender, rod-shaped thallus composed of rows of cells joined end to end.
Some have specialized holdfast cells that anchor them to the ocean bottom

40. Multicellular Algae Have a large complex thallus
The leaf-like thallus may be several centimeters wide but only two cells thick
Some have rubber leaf-like portions, stem-like regions and enlarged air-bladders

41. Algae Classification Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Bacillariophyta
Dinoflagellata
Chrysophyta
Euglenophyta
Algae are classified into seven phyla based on
color
type of chlorophyll
the way they store their food
the composition of the cell wall

42. Algae Reproduction
Many species of algae reproduce both asexually and sexually
Some species reproduce only asexually
Sexual reproduction is often triggered by environmental stress

43. Unicellular Reproduction
Life Cycle of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas

44. Filamentous Reproduction
Life Cycle of filamentous green algae Oedogonium

45. Multicellular Reproduction

46. Complete RG & Rev 27.1 Due tomorrow

47. Sec 27-2 Algal Diversity

48. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Contains more than 7,000 species of algae
Body structures range from single cells all the way to multicellular
Most species are aquatic
Green algae are green in color and live where there is lots of light for photosynthesis
Some live in symbiotic relationships with fungi called lichens

49. Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
Have a brown color due to the pigment fucoxanthin, are multicellular and most grow in cool saltwater habitats
Include giant kelps and seaweeds
They have specialized structures
Holdfast that anchors the thallus to the rocks
Stipe is the stem-like portion of the alga and leaf-like region that photosynthesizes is called the blade
Air bladders cause the blade, leaf-like portion, to float near the surface to capture sunlight

50. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
Are multicellular and grow in warm saltwater habitats
Have thalli with branched filaments
Have the pigments called phycobilins that give them the red color which allows them to trap light at deep levels of the ocean

51. Phylum Bacillarriophyta - diatoms
Diatoms are algae that lack both cilia and flagella and have glass-like cell walls containing silica commonly called shells
Their shells consist of two pieces that fit together like a box with a lid, each half is called a valve.
When they die, their shells sink to the bottom of the sea and accumulate forming a layer called diatomaceous earth

52. Phylum Dinoflagellates - dinoflagellates
Small, usually unicellular organisms
Most are photosynthetic
They have two flagella of unequal length that spin the cells like a top through the water
They are covered by a cellulose plate that looks like armor

53. Phylum Chrysophyta – Golden Algae
Most live in fresh water
Cells form highly resistant cysts that enable them to survive beneath frozen surfaces of lakes in winter and dry lake beds during the summer
Two flagella of unequal length are located at one end of each cell
Most are some shade of yellow or brown due to the presence of large amounts of carotenoids

54. Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglenoids
Euglenoids are organisms that have no rigid cell wall but have a flexible pellicle and they have two flagella
They show characteristics of plants because they have chlorophyll but also show animal like characteristics because they lack a cell wall and are able to move
Most species are freshwater
Most are photosynthetic but if raised in the dark they will not form chloroplasts and will be heterotrophic

55. Complete RG & Rev 27.2 Due tomorrow

56. Sec 27-3 Funguslike Protists

57. Funguslike Protist Characteristics
These include the slime molds and water molds
These organisms have unique life cycles that set them apart from the protozoa, algae or members of the kingdom Fungi
They are eukaryotic, mutlicellular or large multinucleate heterotrophic organisms with very little tissue specialization

58. Slime Molds
Funguslike protists are called slime mold because they have a shiny, wet appearance and look more like a mold or fungus than anything else
They spend part of their lives in a mobile, amoeba-like feeding form, engulfing organic matter and bacteria
They also produce funguslike reproductive structures called a fruiting body

59. Slime Molds - continued
Most slime molds and water molds are decomposers
Typically found growing on damp soil, rotting logs, decaying leaves or other decomposing organic matter in moist places

60. Phylum Acrasiomycota – Cellular Slime Molds

61. Phylum Myxomycota – Plasmodial Slime Molds

62. Phylum Oomycota – Water Mold

63. Phylum Chytridiomycota – Chytrids
Chytrids are primarily aquatic protists characterized by gametes a zoospores with a single, posterior flagellum
Most are unicellular, some have long filamentous bodies that anchor the organism
Many are parasites on algae, plants, and insects, while other are saprophytes

64. Complete RG & Rev 27.3 Due tomorrow