1. Populations Unit: Algal Blooms NSF Grant DRL-1316782

4. Kingdom Monera Blue-green algae Photosynthetic Major producers – produce most of Earth’s oxygen Unicellular Prokaryotic cells – No true nucleus Hyella stella: lives in Marine Limestone

5. They are not plants because they lack true leaves, stems, and roots Most are photosynthetic Include: Bacillariophyta Dinophyta Chlorophyta Rodophyta Phaeophyta

6. Pneumatocysts Thallus

7. Thallus is the complete body and all portions can photosynthesize Kelp Forest, California

8. Blades are leaf-like portions - increase surface area - no veins Common Sea Lettuce

9. - Some algae have pneumatocysts, or gas-filled bladders allowing the seaweed to stay at the surface Cool Fact: some pneumatocysts contain carbon monoxide (CO) Macrocystis pyrifera Giant Kelp

10. - Some algae have a stem-like structure called a stipe Giant Kelp

11. - in some seaweeds holdfasts are structures that secure the thallus to the bottom

12. Several sea palms at the Pillar Point Marine Reserve. Half Moon Bay, San Mateo, California holdfasts stipe blades Question time: List the name of the part and it’s function 1. 2. 3. 1 2 3

13. * Glaaucophyta = freshwater *Xanthophyta = almost all freshwater

14. Red algae Multicellular Important to coral reefs because it helps cement the reef together Phycoerythrins- red pigment which allows red algae to live deeper in the water Chelidonura Sea Slug

15. Most abundant and widespread macro-algae with over 4,000 species Examples: Irish Moss (left) and Gigartina (right)

16. M ulticellular Green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a&b Chlorophyll a- absorbs different colors of light and used for photosynthesis Chlorophyll b- helps to capture light Cell walls made of cellulose

17. Sea Lettuce (Ulva Lectuca) Cladophora sericea-Invasive species on West Maui, Hawai’i only 10% of all 6,000-7,000 species are marine some species are endophytes, or plants that live within the tissues of other plants

18. Unicellular, Golden colored, some free- floating others colonial Most productive phytoplankton Cell walls made of silica

19. Coccolithophores – often used to study climate change, ocean acidification, & eutrophication Class Bacillariophyta = diatoms Diatom bloom- sudden increase of diatoms – usually during summer when there is an increase in nutrients

20. Brown algae varies from olive-green to dark-brown in color due to yellow pigments Multicellular Holdfast- anchors the plants Blades (like leaves) Pneumatocyst: gas-filled bladders

21. Kelp is the most complex group of brown algae harvested for food in some parts of the world can be 100 m long and grow to 50 cm per day lots of pneumatocysts form kelp beds or kelp forests in colder waters of the N. and S. Pacific Kelp harvester in California Diver in Kelp forest at Ship Rock Catalina Island, California

22. Nuestonic community (organisms that float on top of the water) Drifting rafts of sargassum (brown algae) Found in the North Atlantic Ocean Question time: What are the biotic and abiotic factors that would affect this area?

23. Also Called Dinoflagellates Unicellular Use flagella to swim 2 nd most productive group of primary producers

24. Noctiluca and Symbodinium

25. Algae Blooms – Toxins: Ciguatera: causes seafood poisoning (red snapper, grouper) – HABs (Harmful Algae Blooms) cause Red Tide Overabundance of algae that is harmful to the marine organisms, humans, a environment.

26. the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. Found in the phylum dinophyta (Pyrrophyta) Ninety percent of deep-sea marine life is estimated to produce bioluminescence in one form or another.

27. Bioluminescent algae Noctiluca Scintillans at Camp Cooinda on the Gippsland Lakes

29. Oxygen production (90%) Habitat Food – Marine Organisms – Human Gelatin (thickening agent) – Toothpaste Sushi