1. A Brief History of Forestry Education and Forestry Collections in the U. S.

2. The Unanswerable and Unanswered Questions What is forestry? What should a forester know? What should a forestry education include? “There has never been a time when foresters were free from doubt about themselves, their education or their mission.” (Miller & Lewis, 1989)

3. Influences on Forestry Education Morrill Act establishing Land Grant Colleges “Timber Famine” Society of American Forester’s Accreditation Standards Employer needs Regional politics and issues College and University structures

4. Early Schools Carl Schenck - Biltmore Forest School -1898 – Technical, master-apprentice concept Bernhard Fernow - Cornell - 1898 – Undergraduate academic program Gifford Pinchot – Yale - 1900 – Graduate program- scientific management

5. General Trends in Forestry Education 1935 - curricula based on forest and timber management and utilization 1962 - curricula not much changed 1970’s - consolidation of programs and name changes 1990’s – integration of disciplines liberal arts, technical skills, & specialization

6. Forestry Schools accredited in 1935 and in 2005 University of California, Berkeley 1914 University of Idaho 1909 Iowa State University 1904 Michigan State University 1902 University of Michigan 1902 University of Minnesota1903 Montana State University1913 SUNY- ESF1911 Oregon State University1929 Pennsylvania State University1907 University of Washington1907 Yale University 1900

7. Name Changes State University of New York – 1911 New York State College of Forestry – 1972 SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry University of Minnesota (LG) – 1910 College of Forestry – 1912 College of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics – 1962 School of Forestry – 1970 College of Forestry – 1988 College of Natural Resources – 2005 merging with College of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences California, Berkeley (LG) – 1914 Division of Forestry – 1946 School of Forestry – 1968 School of Forestry and Conservation – 1974 College of Natural Resources

8. Name Changes cont. Oregon State University (LG) – 1896 First Forestry Courses – 1908 Department of Forestry – 1913 School of Forestry – 1984 College of Forestry University of Washington – 1901 Department of Forestry – 1907 School of Forestry – 1910 College of Forestry – 1967 College of Forest Resources Yale University – 1900 Yale Forestry School – 1935 School of Forestry – 1972 Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies

9. Status of Forestry Collections and Libraries University of California, Berkeley LGbranch merged University of Idaho main Iowa State University LGmain Michigan State University LGmain University of Michigan science University of MinnesotaLGbranch Montana State UniversityLGmain SUNY-ESFindependent Oregon State UniversityLGmain Pennsylvania State UniversityLGscience University of Washingtonbranch merged Yale University independent

10. Case Studies University of Minnesota University of California, Berkeley

11. University of Minnesota Land Grant University 1889 Forestry courses—School of Agriculture 1906 Forestry separates from Agriculture 1908 Division of Forestry 1949 School of Forestry 1970 College of Forestry 1988 College of Natural Resources 2005 Merger with College of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences

12. U. Minnesota, Cont. Curricula 1935 (Chapman) – General Forestry – Commercial Lumbering – Forest Technology Pulp and paper Other Wood products – Grazing – Game Management – Forest Science Curricula 1962 (Dana and Johnson) – Forest Resources Management – Building Materials Management – Forest Products Engineering – Fish and Wildlife management in Dept of Entomology and Economic Zoology

13. U. Minnesota, Cont. 2005 College of Natural Resources – Department of Bio-Based Products (formerly Wood and Paper Science) – Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology – Forest Resources – Environment and Natural Resources – Recreation Resource Management – Urban and Community Forestry

14. U Minnesota Forestry Library 1898 – small faculty collection Departmental Library for School – 1935 –.5 staff (students) – 900 books, 1400 pamphlets, 16 forestry periodicals Full-time Librarian prior to 1962 2005 Branch Library of University of Minnesota Libraries Twin Cities Supports five of six curricula in CNR Supports U.S. Forest Service North Central Research Station Services state-wide

15. University of California, Berkeley 1873 Efforts began for a forestry program. 1914 Division of Forestry in College of Agriculture 1946 School of Forestry 1968 School of Forestry and Conservation 1974 College of Natural Resources – SFC merged with College of Agriculture 1993 Consolidation of Departments within CNR

16. UC Berkeley, Cont. Curricula 1935 (Chapman) – Forest economics, forest ecology, range management, wood technology, forest products and lumbering, forest engineering, silviculture, forest protection, forest menseration, and forest management Curricula 1962 (Dana and Johnson) – Forestry: Forest Management Range Management Wood Utilization – Range Management with Ag. College. – Wildlife Conservation in Dept. of Zoology

17. U. C. Berkeley, Cont. After 1974 College of Natural Resources – Department of Forestry and Range Management Forestry Wood Science and Technology Pest Management Soil Resource Management Evolved into broader departments – Conservation and Resources Studies, Etymological Sciences, Forestry and Resource Management, Plant Pathology and Soil Science. After 1993 Mergers – Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management Ecosystem Science Insect Biology Society & Environment

18. UC Berkeley cont 2005 Undergraduate Majors in College of Natural Resources – Conservation and Resources Studies – Environmental Economics and Policy – Environmental Sciences – Forestry and Natural Resources – Genetics and Plant Biology – Microbial Biology – Molecular Environmental Biology – Molecular, Toxicology and Nutritional Sciences

19. UC Berkeley Forestry Libraries 1915 Reading Room Both Departmental Library and Univ. Lib. 1935 First Professional Librarian – Budget $968 salaries $725 materials – Collection 2400 books 7100 pamphlets 72 forestry periodicals 1943 Collection – 1000 volumes – 7000 pamphlets 1948 University Branch – Materials from main library returned 1964 Collection – 17,000 volumes – 15,000 pamphlets 1988 Collection (with FPL) – 39,000 volumes – 1400 Serials 1990 Full-time Librarian retired 1995 Merged into Biosciences and Natural Resources Library

20. Significant Publications in Forest Education Graves, Henry S. and Cedric H. Guise 1932. Forest Education Chapman, H.H. 1935. Professional Forestry Schools Report, giving the comparative status of those institutions that offered instruction in Professional Forestry for the School Year 1934- 1935. Dana, Samuel Trask and Evert W. Johnson. 1963. Forestry Education in America Today and Tomorrow. The Literature of Forestry and Agroforestry 1996. eds: Peter McDonald and James Lassoie. Sample, V. Alaric, et. al. 2000. The Evolution of Forestry Education in the United States: Adapting to the Changing Demands of Professional Forestry

21. 1995 Program Trends (Sample 2000) Four types of programs: Forestry in context of a larger whole (natural resources, environmental science, ecosystems) Multiple curricula with multiple choices Totally integrated curricula (new sub-divisions and disciplines) New required courses in traditional programs

22. Some tentative conclusions Growth of forestry within agriculture, sometime restricts its importance; forests seen as ‘crops’ Accreditation standards have failed to accommodate new integrative ideas, in recognition of interdisciplinary aspects. “Forestry” as a term has not been able to expand into new meanings. Stereotypes have developed. Forestry has become a ‘hidden discipline’ which may affect structure of educational programs and libraries.