1. Motivation and Emotion stolen off www. appsychology
Motivation and Emotion stolen off majorly altered by Mr. C.

2. A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal

3. Motivation
Instinct Theory (evolutionary): we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.
Genes predispose species-typical behavior (reflexes)
But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

4. Drive Reduction Theory
Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
Wants to maintain homeostasis.
When there is both a need and an incentive, we feel strongly driven
Eating, drinking, hot or cold, using the restroom

5. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.
We feel drive to experience stimulation and we hunger for information
Lacking stimulation we fill bored, too much we may feel stressed

6. Yerkes-Dodson Law
The Yerkes-Dodson Law says we perform best under the optimal amount of arousal. (Like Goldilocks)
Not too much, not too little.

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.
We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

8. Motivation of HUNGER

9. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
It comes from our…
Brain
The Hypothalamus

10. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
When stimulated it makes you hungry.
When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
When stimulated you feel full.
When lesioned you will never feel full again.

11. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
Wants to maintain a stable weight.
Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.
Setting point: weight response to caloric intake
Leptin theory

12. Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

13. Psychological Aspects of Hunger
Internals versus Externals
People eat more when eating with others
People tend to overeat “free snack”
The Garcia Effect-taste aversion

14. Culture and Hunger neopohbia-dislike of things unfamiliar
Hot cultures like hot spices (more bacteria-inhibiting spices)

15. Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.

16. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

17. Anorexia Nervosa
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
See themselves as fat.
Vast majority are women.

18. Eating disorders
Anorexia sufferers often have low self-evaluations, perfectionist standards, expectations, and concerned with how others perceive them
Cultural and Gender components (genetics may influence susceptibility)
Western culture-weight-obsessed society
African-plumpness signaled as having money and being healthy (not having aids or being hungry)

19. Obesity
Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.
Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity.
Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

20. Obesity and Weight control
WHO (2007) more than 1 billion people are overweight and 300 million are obese
Global epidemic of diabetes
Obesity increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, certain cancers
BMI-considers height as well
Doesn’t consider metabolism, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or muscle mass

21. Social Effects of Obesity and the Physiology of Obesity
Gender and weight discrimination in the work place
Lower psychological well-being
Size of fat cells increase not number
Dramatic drop in caloric intake decrease metabolism (body adapts to starvation)
Genes somewhat at play: when to signal the body that its full or how efficiently we burn calories

22. Food Facts and Weight Loss
Social influence
Sleep loss
Lifestyle choices: inactivity combined with larger portions
Set realistic goals
Exercise regularly
Keep junk food out of the house
Eat consistently (healthy foods)
Watch portions (plates/bowls)

23. Sexual Motivation Sex is natural.
Without sex, none of us would be here.
Less influenced by biological and more psychological and social-cultural factors (compared to food)
How do scientists (or you) find out about sex?
YOU ASK!!!!!!

24. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle
Initial Excitement
Plateau Phase
Orgasm
Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

25. Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sexual desire rises slightly at ovulation among women with mates
Both men and women secrete sex hormones but men secrete more______________ and women more_____________
In men, testosterone levels have little effect on sexual desire
Biology is necessary but not sufficient explanation of human sexual behavior

26. The Psychology of Sex External Imagine Stimuli
Sexual explicit material (negative effects)
Depictions of women being sexually coerced and enjoying tend to increase viewer’s acceptance of rape
Devalue their own partners
Diminish their own sexual satisifcation
Imagine Stimuli
The brain is the most significant sex organ and can influence sexual arousal and desire
Sexual fantasies are healthy

27. Adolescent Sexuality 2/3 of new STI’s occur in people under 25
2005, 47% of high school students acknowledge having had sexual intercourse
Sex during teen years is often unprotected
Teen pregnancy: ignorance, minimal communication of birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
2/3 of new STI’s occur in people under 25
Teens who delay
Higher intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs

28. Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s).
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.
Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

29. Masters and Johnson Study
In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.
382 females and 312 males.
After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

30. Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.
Most of today’s psychologists view sexual orientation as neither willfully chose nor willfully changed

31. How is Sexual Orientation Determined
There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined.
Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents.
This it is likely biologically determined.

32. Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexual people do appear more often in certain populations or job occupations (poets, writers, artists, musicians)
Men who are right-handed and have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay (fraternal birth order effect)
Blanchard suspects that with each male pregnancy, the maternal antibodies may become stronger and prevent the fetus’ brain from developing a male-typical pattern
Same sex attraction in animals: grizzlies, gorillas, monkeys, flamingos, and owls

33. The Brain
Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.
He believes it is more likely that brain anatomy influences sexual orienatation
Gay men and straight women have brain hemispheres of similar size

34. Genes and Sexual Orientation
Evidence does indicate a genetic influence on sexual orientation
Homosexuality appears to run in families
Biological correlates of sexual orientation (page 358)
Gay men spatial abilities resemble those of straight women
Straight women and gay men outperform straight men at remembering object’s spatial locations

35. Prenatal Environment
Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment.
Exposure to hormones in the middle of the second and fifth months after conception appears to predispose the person to be attracted to males or females later in life
We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

36. The need to belong Wanting to belong Aiding survival
What makes life meaningful? Family, friends, romantic partners
When we feel included, accepted, and loved by those important to us, self-esteem rides high
The need to belong feeds both deep attachments and menacing threats
Aiding survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rate

37. The need to belong Sustaining relationships
After separations, feelings of loneliness, anger, and desire to be near the person lingers (relationship example)
When something threatens our social ties, negative emotions (anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, guilt) overwhelm us (college example)
The pain of Ostracism (social exclusion)
To experience ostracism is to experience real pain
Triggers activity in the brain that activates real pain
Rejected and unable to remedy the situation, people may turn to self-defeating behavior, underperform on aptitude tests, less empathetic for others, more likely to act in aggressive ways (school violence, bullying example)

38. Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work
Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)
Intrinsic Motivators
Extrinsic Motivators
Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..)
Work great in the short run.

39. Achievement motivation
Where would one stand to practice if they had high achievement motivation?
Those with high achievement motivation will choose tasks that are moderately difficult. Not too hard because they want to achieve. Not too easy because they want to feel good about themselves.

40. Overjustification effect
Studies show that if you externally reward someone (excessively) for something they love doing, they will lose their intrinsic desire for doing it.
Alex Rodriguez earns 27.5 million dollars per year. Does he love the game??

41. Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.
Theory X
Theory Y
Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment.
Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated.
Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs.
Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.
Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

42. When Motives Conflict
Approach-approach conflict – when we have 2 desirable things to choose from. Both Beyonce and Tyra Banks want to date you.

43. Approach –avoidance conflict
Both options have their benefits and drawbacks. Example, telling your wife that her hair looks bad. The good is she’ll fix it. The bad is she might be mad at you for a few hours.

44. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
You must choose between 2 equally unattractive options.

45. Four theories of emotion

46. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Based on our autonomic nervous system
The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion.
“I’m afraid because I run”

47. Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge, and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date.
Support for James Lange????

48. Giving the Finger, the Psychology and History Thereof By William Weir on February 13, 2009
For the study, 54 right-handed subjects read a story about a person whose behavior could be interpreted as either assertive or hostile. One group extended their forefinger while reading, another group extended their middle finger. The latter group tended to assert that person in the essay was hostile, rather than assertive.
Support for the James Lange theory??

49. Facial feedback hypothesis

50. The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

51. Maybe Ned was right. Sometimes we should force ourselves to smile.

52. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

53. Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Cognitive awareness

54. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but…
Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought)
Includes cognitive appraisal

55. If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

56. Everyone say it loud
Schacter – Two Factor

57. Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then felt elated? This theory says feeling one way will lead you to feel the opposite.
How is this similar to the opponent process theory of color vision?

58. Stress There are 2 stress hormones you need to know.
Cortisol and adrenaline
Cortisol does lead to weight gain.

59. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Describes our response to a stressful event.
Three stages
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

60. Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown six basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989).
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

61. Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt. Even blind children display these facial expressions.
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

62. Paul Ekman – basis for Lie to Me
Paul Ekman studied emotions and facial expressions and found there are universal facial expressions. Lying and disgust are the same in the USA and Japan.
However, the display rules are different for collectivist cultures than individualist cultures. Chinese are not encouraged to display anger like Americans are.

63. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College,

64. Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

65. Cultural & Gender Differences
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in individualistic cultures (USA) than in cultures that do promote group behavior (China, Japan)
Wolfgang Kaehler

66. Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?
OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.