1. Medieval Philosophy For all specialities Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko

2. Lecture’s plan Medieval Philosophy 2 Apologetics and Patristic  The Bible as a the word of God and as an object of faith  Monotheism and Creationism  Three periods of apologetics  The theory of St. Augustine Scholasticism  The main provisions of the theory of Thomas Aquinas  Logical evidence for the existence of God by Thomas Aquinas  Nominalism, realism and conceptualism of the Middle Ages

3. Requirements for knowledge and skills 3 Knowledge  Major religious and philosophical tendencies of philosophical thought of the Middle Ages.  Conceptual distinction of philosophical thought the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages.  Tendencies in the development of philosophy of the Middle Ages  Personalities and Terminology philosophy of the Middle Ages. Skills  Be able to identify the similarities and differences of philosophical concepts of Antiquity and the Middle Ages.  Be able to identify tendencies in the cultural relationship of being and consciousness.  Be able to orientate in variety of beliefs and opinions.

4. Material for knowledge recovery 4 To prepare for the theme of “Medieval Philosophy” to repeat the basic problems of human on the following topics: ■ Philosophy and its role in human life and society ■ The origin of philosophical thought ■ The problem of being in the early ancient philosophy ■ The classical period of ancient philosophy

5. Contents Medieval philosophy 5 1.Main concepts 2.Academic material 3.Questions for self-examinations 4.Recommended books

6. Ключевые понятия Средневековая философия 6  Apologetics  Clericalism  Creationism  Monotheism  Nominalism  Patristic  Providentially  Secularization  Scholasticism  Theology  Theodicy  Theocentricism

7. Academic material Bible 7 The Bible appears to us as “word of God”. And it is an object of faith. The shared vision of reality and human in the context of the Bible contains a whole series of fundamental ideas. Some of these ideas have such force that their distribution among both believers and non-believers, irreversibly changed the spiritual aspect of the Western world. Word of Christ, found in the New Testament, which completes the prophecies of the Old Testament, turned all concepts and issues in the philosophy, defining their formulation in the future.

8. Creationism: God creates freely, giving rise to all by act of will. He dictates of being good. Everything is given life as a free gift. Consequently, the creation is positive because of the good will. Creationism has a special way to solve the problem of ancient philosophy: how and why a lot of were born from the One? And how is born out of the infinite finite? Monotheism: Greek philosophy had reached an understanding of the divine (God’s) unity as a whole, which accepts and absorbs a lot of entities, forces and manifestations. Only in the biblical message is the understanding of God as the one and unique. The transcendence of unique God is absolute, totally different from anything else. Academic material Monotheism and creationism 8

9. Anthropocentricism The human, according to the Bible, it is not just the time of the cosmos, a thing among things. He is recognized as privileged creature created by God in His image and likeness. Therefore, human is lord and master of all that has been created for him Academic material Medieval Philosophy 9 Three period of apologetics 1) This is a period of four Fathers apologists who fought in the II century a systematic defense of Christianity. 2There is the period of the “Apostolic Fathers” I century, so named because they were associated with the spirit of the teaching of the Apostles, where there are no philosophical issues, and there are only a moral issues (Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna) 3)This is patristic period from III century to the early Middle Ages, in which the philosophical element of the Platonic type, played a particularly important role.

10. Academic material Medieval Philosophy 10 Theological issues. The main theological issues, which were connected with main philosophical concepts: 1) the problem of the Trinity, 2) the problem of the incarnation, 3) relation between freedom and Grace, 4) relation between faith and reason

11. Рисунок St. Augustine - (Latin Augustinus Sanctus, full name Aurelius Augustine; 354—430) — He was a philosopher, a powerful preacher, a Christian theologian and politician. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical «Confessiones». Augustine’s doctrine of predestination (predetermination)– pre-ordained by God to human bliss or a anathema. Academic material St. Augustine 11

12. Рисунок Theory of the state– The human story that Augustine sets out in his book, “The city of God’, is a struggle between two antagonistic kingdoms – the kingdom of followers all across the enemies of God, that is the secular world (civitas terrena or diaboli), and the kingdom of God (civitas dei). At the same time he identifies the kingdom of God, according to his earthly form of existence, with Roman Church. Academic material St. Augustine 12

13. Academic material Scholasticism (V-XV centuries). 13 Scholasticism Scholasticism is a “school philosophy” of the medieval universities, united the Christian dogma with logical reasoning. The basic purpose is to validate the scholasticism, protection and systematization the religious dogma by logical way. Dogma (opinion) is the thesis which certainly taken it on faith and not be questioned and criticized.

14. Рисунок He created a philosophical concept, which became the basis of the official Catholic ideology. In honor of his name orthodox philosophical doctrine of Catholicism called Thomism. The main books: “The sum of Philosophy”, “Summa Theological”. He holds a clear line between faith and knowledge, religion and science. Religion acquires knowledge in the revelations. Science can logically prove the truth of revelation, that is its purpose. Allowing the existence of only theoretical science. Experimental and science (sense) knowledge is of the sinful Academic material Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) 14

15. Logical proofs of God by Aquinas Five of the provisions of the cosmological proof of God he concluded from the fact that every phenomenon has its cause. Following from one cause to another, Thomas comes to idea of the existence of God as the supreme cause of all phenomena and processes, as measure, as form of forms and as a purpose of all. Aquinas was awarded the title of “angelic doctor”

16. The controversy of Nominalism and Realism as the academic discussion. At issue are the “universals” (this is a general concepts – the terms and names). Realism acknowledged that universals exist objectively, independently of the knowing mind. Nominalism admitted that there are actually only objects and general concepts – there are the names created by the knowing subject. Conceptualism admits the reality of the general concepts in the mind of the knowing subject.

17. Acquired knowledge 17  Knowing the different religious and philosophical tendencies of the Middle Ages.  Knowledge about the conceptual differences of philosophical thought of the Middle Ages and Antiquity.  Knowledge of tendencies in the Philosophy of the Middle Ages.  Knowledge of the names and terminology of Philosophy of the Middle Ages

18. Questions to self-examination 18  What are the characteristics of the Philosophy of the Middle Ages  What philosophical movements arose in the Middle Ages?  What is the essence of the scholastic dispute about universals between realists and nominalists?  Name the logical proofs of God, which led Aquinas?  What are the three periods of apologetics and describe each of them.  Give the definition of creationism and monotheism.

19. Recommended books 19 1. Introduction to Philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – М., 2003 2.Philosophy: Textbook foe higher education/ edited by V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P. Ratnikov. – М., 2001. 3.Philosophical Dictionary / Edited by I.T. Frolov. – М., 2001 4. Human. The thinkers of the past and present about his life, death and no-death. The ancient world – the era of Enlightmant. М., 1991. 6. Ilyin V. The history of Philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – St. Petersburg, 2003.

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