2. INTRODUCTION i)Increased transportation capacity due to growth in economy ii)Strategies adopted by IR to meet the demand iii)Need for 30 tones axle load corridors iv)Routes identified for 30 t axle load freight corridors.

3. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR 30 T AXLE LOAD. The track is divided into following distinct components. i)Rail ii)Sleepers iii)Fastenings iv)Ballast v)Formation

4. RAILS i)Very costly component:: - about 40% of entire track cost ii)Most significant bearing on load carrying capacity and safety. iii)Introduction of new technologies – high strength rail, modified rail / wheel profiles, improved lubrications practices, improved rail maintenance- rail grinding, improved bogie type like radial bogies. New technologies – have made it possible to increase the permitted rail stresses.

5. RAIL LOADING i)Design vertical wheel load – expressed as function of static wheel load – P design = Ø x P static Ø=Dimension less impact factor ii)Assessment of impact factor- Train speed Wheel diameter Vehicle unsprung mass Track condition (including track modules, Track geometry, joints condition) Track construction Vehicle condition

6. IMPACT FACTOR Various methods – AREA impact factor EISENMANN load distribution ORE impact factor – most comprehensive ORE impact factor – Ø =1+ α’+β’+γ’ Contd..

7. IMPACT FACTOR Contd.. α’ – f ( vertical track irregularities, vehicle suspension, vehicle speed) β’ - f ( vehicle speed super elevation deficiency of the track, location of centre of gravity of the vehicle) γ’ - f( vehicle speed, track condition e.g. age, hanging sleepers, vehicle design and maintenance

8. DESIGN LATERAL WHEEL LOAD Depends upon Curve radius Vehicle speed Length of vehicle wheel base & its bogie configuration. Rail and wheel profiles Tracking motion of vehicles in the train consist. Vehicle dimension and tolerances Driving practices.

9. RAIL DESIGN Location of maximum rail stress Location B,C,D & E – Critical stresses are either longitudinal or vertical A – Shear stress due to wheel/rail contact.

11. ALLOWABLE RAIL BENDING STRESS AREA general approach based on yield DB approach strength of the Rail material Australian approach - fatigue tests at MRL - based on UTS of rail material. - 0.4 times UTS - independent of residual and temperature stresses. On IR, for LWR track the allowable bending stresses taken as about 0.29 times UTS. This is quite conservative as compared to the results obtained by MRL.

12. SMITH DIAGRAM

13. WHEEL/RAIL CONTACT STRESS CONSIDERATION Very important parameter in heavy axle load operation Shear stress determined by Hertz theory Maximum shear stress t max = 412 Q r Permissible shear stress (from fatigue considerations) = 0.3 X tensile strength of rail steel. Maximum shear stress occurs at a depth of 4 to 6mm

15. RAIL STRESS CALCULATION

17. RAIL STRESSES –140 RE(AREA) Weight 69.13 kg/m Impact factor – 72% Dynamic wheel load - 25.8 t Track modulus initial – 183.7 kg/cm/cm Track modulus final - 419.17 kg/cm/cm Wear of the rail assumed - 5% Reduction in I & Z - 10 %

18. Stresses due toHead (kg/mm2)Foot ( kg/mm2) 1. Vertical load+ 16.251- 13.813 2. Eccentricity of vertical load - 4.365- 2.274 3. Twisting of flange force + 7.776+ 4.05 4.Lateral deflection under flange force + 4.787- 9.573 total + 24.448 - 21.61 Permissible stresses 25.25 kg/mm2 Total Rail wheel contact stresses = 25.19 kg/mm2

20. RAIL STRESSES FOR 30t AXLE LOAD FOR DIFFERENT RAIL SECTIONS Rail sectionAxle loadTrack structure Maximum rail stresses Permissible bending stresses 52 Kg/90 UTS 30 t PSC, 1660 sleepers/Km,Ballast cushion 250 32.15 Kg/mm2 25.25 kg/mm2 (LWR) 60 Kg/ UIC/90 UTS 30 t PSC, 1660 sleepers/Km,Ballast cushion 250 27.70 kg/mm2 140 RE (AREA)/90 UTS 30 t PSC, 1660 sleepers/Km,Ballast cushion 250 24.45 kg/mm2

21. SLEEPERS FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGN –Effective sleeper support area. –Maximum dynamic load at rail seat. – Ballast/Sleeper contact pressure –Sleeper bending moments –The flexural requirement

22. EFFECTIVE SUPPORT AREA Schramm L= l – g Approximation L = l 3 Where L: effective length of sleeper support (mm ) I : total sleeper length (mm)

24. Maximum Rail seat load The rail weight The sleeper spacing The sleeper stiffness characteristics The track modulus per rail Pad stiffness The amount of play between the rail and the sleeper. The amount of play between the sleeper and the ballast. Contu…

25. Maximum Rail seat load Contd.. The beam on elastic foundation model Talbot and Clarke qr = sk.ymF 1 S= Sleeper spacing K= track modulus Ym= the maximum rail deflection caused by the interaction of a number of axle loads. F 1 = factor of safety for variation in track support

26. The special committee on stresses in Railroad track q r = 0.56s F 1.p q r = 0.5 s k 4.E I xx Where K= Track modulus E= Young’s modulus of rails steel I xx = Rail moment of inertia q r = predicted rail seat load Area method q r = D f x P The three adjacent sleeper method q r =.5 P 0.25

29. MAXIMUM RAIL SEAT LOAD BY DIFFERENT FORMULA Three Adjacent sleepers method qr = 0.50 P BOEF modelqr = 0.43 P AREA Methodqr= 0.60 P ORE methodqr = 0.65 P

30. Ballast /sleeper contact pressure BOEF analysis –Pa = qr B.L. Where Pa= average contact pressures qr= maximum rail seat load B= breadth of sleeper L= effective length of sleeper under the rail seat F2 =factor depending upon the sleeper type and the standard of track maintenance

31. AREA FORUMLA –P a = 2 q r F 2 B.L ORE finding -Flexural rigidity of sleeper secondary influence on the magnitude of the contact pressure. -Equivalent uniform pressure distribution In the region under the rail seat.

32. Sleeper bending moments Battelle solution – Mr = qr l – g 2 Mr = qr l – g 8 Raymond Mc= qr 2 g – l 4 end bound condition Half the rail seat load is distributed over the sleeper overhang lenght

33. Flexural requirements of sleepers AREA design method qr = Ps Df 1 + Ø Where qr = rail seat load Ps = static wheel load Df = Distribution factor expressed as a percentage of the wheel load. Ø = impact factor

34. RDSO METHOD Design features of sleepers for 30 T. axle load 300 280 260 175 251 221 190 End Rail seatCenter Sectional elevation

35. 300260 3000 1230 540 1230 PLAN ( I ) (I I )

36. Load distribution factor 0.55 Dynamic augment 2.5 Centre binding coeff.0.4 Deign rail seat 20.625 T. Bending moment at R.S227.385 T-cm Bending moment at R.C88.0765 T,cm Deign ballast pressure 5.99 kg /cm 2 No. of prestress wire 22 Nos. 3 x 3 Weight of sleeper366 kg

37. BALLAST & FORMATION SUB BALLAST BLANKETTING

38. CONCLUSION: For meeting the demand of ever increasing freight traffic, Indian Railway need to go for dedicated freight corridor with 30 T or more axle loads.

39. The 30 T axle load routes should be designed as a system based on the principles of life cycle costing. The track and rolling stock engineers have to synergize their strategies to arrive at most optimal design of track and rolling stock as the design requirements are conflicting.

40. Since, the heavy axle routes will be dedicated freight corridors, we should be liberal in adopting the permissible values for rail bending stresses. As per the recent research in Australia and other countries where heavy haul operation is order of the day, it has been established that the permitted bending stresses can be taken as 0.4 times the tensile strength of rail steel.

41. The rail and sleepers have been designed by adopting the current practices on Indian Railway. The rail section 140 RE (AREA) weighing 69.13 kg/m has been found suitable with modified sleeper weighing 366 kg.