1. DESIGN PROCESS FOR SINGLE SEALS THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

2. PRINCIPLES TO DETERMINE BINDER APPLICATION RATE VOID LOSS DUE TO AGGREGATE WEAR TEXTURE FOR SKID RESISTANCE MAXIMUM VOIDS TO BE FILLED VOID LOSS DUE TO EMBEDMENT TOTAL VOIDS MINIMUM VOIDS TO BE FILLED 30 % 100 % ALD

3. DESIGN PARAMETERS Elv (40 x heavy + light) Embedment Preferred texture depth Adjustment –cold to hot binder –slow traffic / gradients –climate –existing texture –preferred aggregate matrix

4. SEAL DESIGN Equivalent light vehicles (40 x heavy + light) Ball penetration (corrected for temperature) Preferred texture depth NET COLD BINDER APPLICATION RATE (MINIMUM & MAXIMUM) BASIC INPUT PARAMETERS

5. SEAL DESIGN CHART (EXAMPLE)

8. PRACTICAL ADJUSTMENTS Additional binder for existing coarse texture Reduction in binder for slow-moving vehicles Adjustment for specific climate Adjustment for preferred aggregate matrix Adjustment to hot application HOT BINDER APPLICATION RATE (MINIMUM & MAXIMUM)

12. DENSE SHOULDER -TO-SHOULDER MATRIX

13. OPEN SHOULDER-TO-SHOULDER MATRIX

14. ADJUSTMENT FOR MOD BINDERS Lower embedment Orientation of aggregate Design –use 1/2 embedment on design graphs –.... adjustment due to orientation based on Elv and ring and ball softening point

15. ADJUSTMENT FOR MODIFIED BINDERS Aggregate matrix (Lower embedment) Orientation of aggregate (More voids) Design –use 1/2 embedment on design graphs –adjustments as for conventional binder seals –adjustment due to orientation, based on elv and “ring and ball” softening point DUE TO

16. USE OF DESIGN CHART FOR MODIFIED BINDERS