1. By: Bailey

2. WHAT IS CELL THEORY?

3. o Cells are building blocks for plants and animals o Cells are produced by division for preexisting cells o Cells are the smallest object that perform physiological functions o Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level o Homeostasis at the tissue, organ, system, and individual levels reflects the combined and coordinated actions of many cells o *Homeostasis- the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment CELL THEORY

4. COMPARE FLUID CONTENTS OF CELL WITH THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

5.  High concentration of potassium  Relatively high concentrations of dissolved proteins (enzymes that regulate metabolic operations)  Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins and waste products  Contains small quantities of carbohydrate and large reserves of amino acids and lipids  High concentration of sodium  All body fluid not within the cell  Plasma and interstitial fluid are included in this CytosolExtracellular FLUID CONTENT

6. CELL MEMBRANE

7. Composed of I.Phospholipids II.Proteins III.Glycolipids IV.Cholesterol * Cytosol is what mostly makes up the cell. Surrounding that is the Phospholipid bilayer, and within that layer are the proteins and channels I.Separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid II.Controls the entry of ions and nutrients, and eliminates waste and the release of secretory products III.Let’s the cell respond and recognize to molecules in its environmental IV.Gives tissues a stable structure StructureImportance CELL MEMBRANE

8. CELL AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

9.  A cell needs to maintain homeostasis  It does this through the cell membrane  Taking in nutrients and obtaining water balance and giving off waste  These all are from the environment that need to be taken in or let into the environment from the cell INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT

10. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

11. Cell Membrane- isolation, protection, sensitive, organization Cytosol- distributes materials by diffusion ORGANELLES

12. Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments Microvilli Cilia Centrioles Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Nonmembranous Organelles Membranous Organelles ORGANELLES

13. Cytoskeleton- strength, movement of cellular structures and material Microtubules- gives strength to the cell Microfiliments-slender protein strand Microvilli-absorption of extracellular fluid Cilia- movement of materials over surface Centrioles- movement of chromosomes during cell division Ribosomes- protein synthesis NONMEMBRANOUS

14. Mitochondria- protein synthesis Nucleus- control of metabolism; stores and processes genetic info. Nucleolus- site of RNA synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum- synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport Rough ER- secretory protein synthesis Smooth ER- lipid and carbohydrate synthesis Golgi apparatus-storage, alteration and package of secretory product and lysosomes Lysosomes- intercellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens Peroxisomes- neutralization of toxic compounds MEMBRANOUS

15. ENERGY WITHIN CELLS

16. Mitochondria is the power house of the cell, it makes and stores the “power” so the cell can function properly * Metabolic enzymes - Protein-based substances that promote change in bodily cells… 1.The organelle has a double membrane; the first surrounds the entire cell, the second surrounds the inner which has many folds called cristae 2.Cristae increases the surface area exposed to the fluid contents, matrix 3.Matrix contains metabolic enzymes that perform the reactions that provide energy for cellular function Mitochondria How it preforms that… MITOCHONDRIA

17. NUCLEUS AS CONTROL CENTER

18. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which separates it from the cytosol Within the nuclear envelope are perinuclear space These allow the nucleus to receive information about conditions and activities in the cytosol NUCLEUS

19. The nucleoplasm contains ions, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides, proteins, small amounts of RNA and DNA I.These DNA strands form a chromosome II.These are then “read” by the nucleus controls by the process of “regulation of protein synthesis” III.What is read from the chromosome, the nucleus then tells the cell what needs done and what to do NUCLEOPLASM

20. LIFE CYCLE

21. Life cycle- Go Phase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase, Gm Phase, Mitosis LIFE CYCLE

22. Go Phase- the cell has normal functions (indefinite time) G1 Phase- the cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and preforms protein synthesis (8 or more hours) S Phase- the cell’s DNA is replicated and synthesis’s its histones (6-8 hours) G2 Phase- the cell undergoes protein synthesis’s (2-5 hours) Gm Phase- where the cell undergoes mitosis INTERPHASE

23. Prophase (stage 1)- the nuclear envelope disappears Metaphase (stage 2)- chromatids move through metaphase plate; microtubules of the spindle apparatuses attaches to each centromere Anaphase (stage 3)- the chromatid pairs separate and the daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite ends to the cell Teleophase (stage 4)- the nuclear membranes form, the nuclei enlarge, chromosomes gradually uncoil; once the chromosomes disappear, nucleoli reappear and the nuclei resemble those of the interphase cell MITOSIS

24. IMPORTANCE TRANS -MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

25.  It measures the millivolts across the cell membrane for potential difference that could result from uneven distribution of the positive and negative ions across a cell membrane  A membrane enzyme called the sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions to compensate for the sodium and potassium leaks  This pump uses the energy of ATP to move sodium and potassium against their electrochemical gradients  The pump compensates for the sodium and potassium leaks, keeping the resting membrane potential at -70 millivolts TRANS-MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

26. HOW CELLS ATTACH

27.  Gap Junction- two cells are held together by an interlocking of membrane proteins, the result is a narrow passage way that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell  Tight Junction- partial fusion of the lipid portions of the two cell membranes, providing mechanical strength, but blocking the water or solutes between cells  Intermediate Junction- the opposing cell membrane, while maintaining distinct, are held together by a thick layer of proteoglycans  Desmosomes- the opposing cell membranes reinforced by a network of intermediate filaments that lock the two together, a dense concentration of filament beneath the cell membrane at a desmosomes anchor it to the cytoskeleton  Junction Complex- when all types of junctions including desmosomes are together in one location METHODS OF ATTACHMENT

28. VOCABULARY

29. Cytology- the study of the structure and function of cells Transmission electron microscopy- show fine structures of cell membranes and intracellular structures Scanning electron microscopy- where electrons bounce off exposed surfaces, creates 3D perspective Extracellular fluid- a watery medium that is on the outside of cells Cell membrane- outer boundary of the cell Plasma membrane- another term for cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer- a cell membrane Peripheral proteins- attached to the inner membrane surface Integral proteins- embedded in the membrane Channels- formed by integral proteins the let water molecules, and other objects pass through it Cytoplasm- A general term for the material inside of the cell VOCAB.

30. Intermediate filaments- provides strength, support, and transports materials within the cytoplasm Neurofilaments- found in nerve cells and provide structure and support Thick Filaments- massive strand composed of myosin protein subunits Microtubules- hollow tubes built from the globular proteins Tubulin- globular protein Microvilli- small finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane Centrioles- is a cylindrical structure composed of short microtubules Centrosome- cytoplasm surrounding Cilia- contain nine pairs of microtubules surround a central pair VOCAB.

31. Cytoplasm- A general term for the material inside of the cell Cytosol- or intracellular fluid- dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble, and insoluble proteins and waste products. Organelles- structures that perform specific functions within the cell Inclusions- masses of insoluble materials Non-membranous organelles- in contact with cytosol Membranous Organelles- surrounded by lipid membranes that isolates them from the cytosol Cytoskeleton- an internal protein framework the gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility Microfilaments- slender proteins strands composed of the protein actin Actin- a protein found in microfilaments Myosin- a protein VOCAB.

32. Basal Body- an anchored compact for cilia Flagella- moves cells through the surrounding fluids Ribosomes- small, dense structure that cannot be seen; they manufacture proteins Free ribosome- one type of ribosome where its proteins scatter throughout the cytoplasm Fixed ribosome- attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, its proteins enter here Mitochondria- small organelle that have a double membrane; makes energy for the cell Cristae- second inner membrane that contains numerous folds Matrix- fluid contents of mitochondrion Respiratory enzyme- produces most of the ATP generated from the mitochondrion Nucleus- the control center for the cell Nuclear envelope- surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytosol Perinuclear space- a narrow passage within the nuclear envelope VOCAB.

33. Nuclear pores- large pores that permit the movement of ions and small molecules,but too small for DNA Nucleoplasm- fluid contents of the nucleus Chromosomes- contain DNA strands Histones- proteins that bind to DNA strands Nucleosome- a structure that forms when DNA strands wind around histones Chromatin- made when chromosomes tangle fine filaments Endoplasmic reticulum- a network of intracellular membranes Cisternae- formed by the endoplasmic reticulum; reservoir for water Rough reticulum- where newly made synthetic proteins undergo chemical modification Smooth reticulum- synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates VOCAB.

34. Golgi apparatus- synthesis and packing, renewal or modification of the cell membrane Transfer vesicles- how material moves from saccule to saccule Secretory vesicles- vesicles that contain secretion that will be discharged Lysosomes- vesicles filled with digestive enzymes; defense against disease Endocytosis- the process of lysosomes in greater detail Peroxisomes- smaller then lysosomes; absorb and neutralize toxins Gated- regulate the passage of materials that travel through channels Glycocalyx- protects cell membrane; function as receptors; keeps immune system from attacking body Permeability- objects can pass through it Impermeability- objects cannot pass through it Freely permeable- object can pass through without any trouble is said to be Selectively permeable- permits the passage of some materials VOCAB.

35. Diffusion- net movement of material from an area where it’s concentrated from high to low Concentration gradient- the difference between low and high concentration Osmosis- the response to the difference in diffusion Osmotic pressure- force of water movement Hydrostatic pressure- when pressure is can prevent the entry of molecules Osmotic concentration/osmolality- total solute concentration in a solution Tonicity- used when describing osmotic concentration Isotonic- same solute concentration low and high Hypotonic- solution has a lower then the cytoplasm Hemolysis- when a cell burst or explodes Hypertonic-when concentration is higher than the cytoplasm VOCAB.