1. Anatomy and physiology of the kidney

2. True/false: the kidneys are outside the peritoneal cavity True The kidneys sit at __ to __ vertebral level T12 to L3 Why is the right kidney lower that the left? The liver push on the right kidney In relation to the vertebral level, describe where are the hila. Left hilum is at the upper border of L1 and the right hilum is at the lower border Give the order of structure in the hilum from the front Vein, artery, ureter Where do the renal arteries come from and at what vertebra level? From abdominal aorta at L2 Where do the renal veins come from? Inferior vena cava What level does the sympathetic supply to the kidneys come from? T12 and L1

3. A. UreterB. Renal pelvisC. Renal veinD. Renal arteryE. Major calyxF. Renal capsuleG. Renal pyramidH. MedullaI. Minor calyx

4. A B C D A. Interlobular artery and veinB. Interlobar artery and veinC. Renal artery and vein D. Arcuate artery and vein (at the corticomedullary junction)

5. Afferent artery Glomerulus Efferent artery Interlobular artery Interlobular vein Peritubular capillary network Collecting duct Vasa recta 9. What is the difference between cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron and why is this important?

6. Function of The Kidney Regulation of water & electrolyte, volume & osmolarity Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium Regulation of acid-base balance Hydrogen ions (pH) Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals Nitrogen Removal of foreign chemicals from blood drugs, pesticides and food additives Secretion of hormones: renin = controls the formation of angiotensin erythropoietin = stimulates red blood cell production 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 Glucogenesis = conversion of amino acids to glucose

7. FiltrationReabsorptionSecretionExcretion How the nephron works

8. How does each of these structures work? High capacity for active & passive reabsorption 65% H 2 O & Na + ; 50% Cl - ; 90% HCO 3- ; >90% K +, Nearly all glucose, lactose, amino acid Apical cell surface has a border of microvilli Na + /K + -ATPase located in basolateral cell membrane Proximal convoluted tubule Highly permeable to water and H2O reabsorbed No active Na + reabsorption Descending loop of Henle Impermeable to water Reabsorbs 25% of filtered Nacl & K +, Ca 2+,HCO 3- Creates a hypotonic condition in the tubule compared to the interstitial space Ascending loop of Henle Reabsorption regulated by hormones Na + reabsorbtion depends on aldosterone H 2 O reabsorbtion depends on ADH Distal convoluted tubule Macula densa – monitors the content of DCT Juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole synthesise renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I Macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus