1. Perfectly Competitive Theory of The Firm

2. Learning Objectives Describe using examples, the assumed characteristics of the perfectly competitive market. Explain, using a diagram the shape of the PC’s AR, MR, MC. Explain, using a diagram, that it is possible for PC markets to make economic, normal and negative profit in the short- run based on MC and MR rule. Distinguish between SR shut-down P and break-even P Explain, using a diagram, how a PC will move from SR equilibrium to LR equilibrium, Allocative and productive efficiency

3. Types of Markets (degrees of competition) 3 One firm 2-12 firmsmany firmsmany, many firms MonopolyOligopolyMonopolistic Perfect Competition

4. Assumptions of the Perfectly Competitive Market large number of firms Selling homogeneous (identical) products no barriers to entry or exit no control over the market price (Price-taker) Makes only normal profit in the long run (break-even)

5. Example: There are hundreds of coffee shops in the city of Toronto They all pay the same wages They all sell identical products (coffee, muffins and etc.) It is cheap and easy to open a coffee shop

6. Price Takers This means that PC firms have no control over the price as it’s determined by the market This is also true in the case of AR and MR as P is constant Demand for the output is perfectly elastic

7. Profit Maximization This has already been discussed in in the previous section Profit is maximized when MR=MC

8. SHORT-RUN

9. PRODUCTION COST CURVES: REMEMBER Marginal Cost, which slopes upwards because of diminishing marginal returns Average variable cost, which is the per unit labor costs of production Average total cost, which is the average variable costs plus the average fixed costs (the per-unit costs of fixed capital resources) Recall also that MC must intersect the average cost curves at their lowest points.

10. Profit Max.- Profit Earning Firm: when producing at its MC=MR point When P>ATC, then the firm is making ECONOMIC PROFIT This means the firm has covered all explicit and implicit cost and earning revenue beyond its cost

11. Graph The firm’s economic profits is the blue area (P-ATC)xQ The firm is maximizing its profits by producing where MR=MC.

12. Keep In Mind Due to the absence of entry barriers, these profits will not be sustained in the long-run, as new firms will enter the market.

13. Discuss Discuss with your partner the profit earning firm

14. Loss-minimization Firm when producing at its MC=MR point And P<ATC, then the firm will be minimizing its losses Earning no economic profit at all loss minimizing firm will either exit the industry in the long-run Or hope other firms exit until the supply decreases, This will cause the price to rise once again

15. Graph Since the market demand is low, the firm selling price is below ATC The firm’s economic losses are the colored area (ATC-P)xQ. The firm is minimizing its losses by producing where MR=MC. Due to the absence of entry barriers, these losses will be eliminated in the long-run as firms exit the industry to avoid further losses.

16. Discuss Discuss with your partner the econ loss earning firm

17. The Breaking-even Firm This is when a firm is producing at P=ATC Breaking even means a firm is covering all of its explicit and implicit costs, but earning no additional profit Normal Profit

18. Graph The market’s price is set to be = to the ATC The firm covering all its costs but no profit There is no incentive for the firm to enter or exit

19. Test Your knowledge With your partner, answer the following question in your note book Explain, using a diagram, that it is possible for PC markets to make economic, normal and negative profit in the short-run based on MC and MR rule.

20. Long-Run

21. Profit Maximization in the Long-run The period of time over which firms can adjust all its variable factors Entry and exit in the long-run: If econ profits are being earned, firms may want to enter the market If econ losses are being earned, firms may want to minimize losses by exiting the market Due to entry and exit in PC, there are no Econ profits in the LONG-RUN Therefore, all firms BREAK EVEN in the long-run

22. Entry Eliminates Profit When individual firms are earning economic profits in a PC market, new firms will be attracted to the market leading to an increase in market supply and a fall in the price Therefore Profit shall decrease

23. Example In the current market for pizza, Pe is $20 and ATC is $16, $4 a pizza and total of $800 profit Since profits are to be made, more firms want to enter the market. This will increase the supply and therefore reduces the price to a breakeven point

24. Example The price of pizza falls from $20 to $15 MR falls to maintain profit max.,MR=MC Profits are eliminated as price falls to firm’s min. ATC

25. Exit Eliminates Losses When individual firms are earning losses in a perfectly competitive market, certain firms will choose to leave the market to avoid losses and to seek profits elsewhere

26. Example $20 a pizza at $16 ATC, $4 a pizza in losses The shop shuts down This will cause the S to decrease and therefore price will rise again

27. Example The price of pizza rises from $12 to $15 MR rises, causing the firm to increase its output to maintain its MR=MC level Losses are eliminated, as the price rises to the firm’s minimum ATC

28. Discussion Why in a PC market, firms always break-even in the long-run?

29. Pop Quiz How will the existence of economic profits in a purely competitive market affect the total supply in that market? 2 marks How will the existence of economic losses among the firms in a purely competitive market affect the total supply in the market? 2 marks

30. Answers Because there are NO BARRIERS TO ENTRY, new firms will enter a market where profits are being earned. As new firms enter, market supply will shift out, lowering the market price faced by firms, eliminating economic profits. Because firms are loss averse, and there are NO BARRIERS TO EXIT, some firms will leave the industry, reducing market supply, increasing the price, eliminating losses for the remaining firms!

31. Shut-down Rule Which firms leave the market and which firms stay? The cost of production varies from firm to firm This depends on the IMPLICT cost of the owner Some owners value their skills and time higher than others Therefore this demines the period they are willing to stay in the market

32. A firm facing econ losses have 2 choices: Continue to operate with hope of P=ATC, breakeven Shut-down and give up fixed costs (explicit cost = Fc and VC) When to shutdown? P>AVC or firms total losses continuing to operate >TFC If this is not the case, the firm should stay in the market Total losses if it continues to operate = (AR-ATC)xQ Total losses if it shuts down= (ATC-AVC)xQ

33. Example The demand for pizzas is so low that the price ($10) is lower than the firm’s AVC ($11). The firm cannot even afford to pay its workers. The firm’s total losses (17-10)x160, are greater than its total fixed costs (17-11)x160. The firm would minimize its losses by shutting down This firm should exit the market

34. Test Your Knowledge Explain the shut-down rule. Post your answers on edmodo

35. MC and “Supply” Curve As we know, if the price of a good ever falls below a firm’s AVC, the firm will no longer produce the good.

36. Reasoning As price rises above AVC, the firm will increases its quantity in direct relationship with the price As price decreases, but remains above AVC, the firm will reduce its output. In this regard, the firm’s MC above its AVC is similar to a firm’s supply curve. The quantity supplied by the firm reflects a direct relationship with the price of the good P Q PC Firm Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Q4Q4 MR 1 MR 2 MR 3 MR 4 P1P1 P4P4 P3P3 P2P2 MC AVC Firm's Supply curve

37. The MC increases as output increases because of diminishing marginal returns Since the MC increases at higher level of output, firms require a higher prices in order for them to increase output, so they can maintain the MR=MC level and maximize profits. In other words, the MC curve represents the relationship between price and quantity supplied. This is a direct relationship (demonstrating the law of supply!)

38. Graph P Q PC Firm MC AVC Firm's Supply curve

39. Test Your Knowledge How does MC curve is similar to the SUPPLY curve? Explain using laws of supply.

40. Efficiency in PC In long-run equilibrium, purely competitive firms will produce the efficient level of output and price Firms can be productively efficient and an industry can be allocatively efficient.

41. Productive efficiency Is achieved when firms produce at min ATC This means that firms are producing output at lowest cost possible. If price is high enough that firms are earning profits, then the signal from buyers to sellers is WE WANT MORE If price is low enough that firms are earning losses, then the signal from buyers to sellers is WE WANT LESS

42. Graph Price is higher than the firm’s ATC. The firm’s are earning economic profits The signal from buyers is “we want more”, so more firms will enter the market to satisfy demand. As new firms enter, price will fall to minimum ATC, and firms will be more productively efficient!

43. Allocative Efficiency is achieved if a market produces at the quantity where marginal benefit equals marginal cost (where Price = Marginal Cost) It means: The right amount of output is being produced. There is neither under nor over-allocation of resources towards a good in a purely competitive industry.

44.  If the price were higher than the MC, this is a signal that MB(demand) exceeds MC(supply) and more output is desired  If price were lower than MC, the signal from buyers to sellers is that MC exceeds MB and less output is desired.  Only when P = MC is the right amount of output being produced.

45. Explain the Following Graph in relation to allocative efficiency

46. Practice Questions

47. With your partner, answer the following questions: Describe the situation in the market below and firm below: 1. Show the firm's: i) MR, ii) Output, iii) Economic profit or loss 2. Assuming this is a PC market, describe and illustrate the long run adjustments that will restore this market to Equilibrium. Show on the graphs, for both the industry and the firm, the price and output after long-run adjustments

48. P Q S industry D industry Industry P Q Firm MC ATC AVC MR=D=AR=P 1 PePe P Q S industry D industry Industry P Q Firm MC ATC AVC MR=D=AR=P 1 PePe P Q S industry D industry Industry P Q Firm MC ATC AVC MR=D=AR=P 1 PePe