1. HISTORICAL & CULTURAL TERMS

2. Beginnings of History About 5,000 years ago, groups of people in different parts of the world began keeping written records This is the beginning of recorded history Prehistory -The long period of time before people invented writing.

3. Historians History- The study of things past. Historians- Scholars who study and write about the historical past. Historians study artifacts -objects made by humans Jobs of a historian: evaluate evidence, draw conclusions, interpret and present findings. What three skills of historians does he identify?

4. Fossils versus Artifacts Fossil ◦ The remains of living things-plants, animals, or people. Artifact The remains of things that were made by people

5. Anthropology Anthropology -Study of the origins and developments of people and their societies Emic-From the perspective of the people being studied Etic-From the perspective of the anthropologist Archaeology -Study of past peoples and cultures through their material remains Culture -The way of life of a society, including beliefs, values, and practices. What are some topics an anthropologist might study?

6. Other Important Terms ◦ Ethnicity/Ethnic Group-A group of people who identify with each other based on a common background and culture. ◦ Ethnography-Study of ethnicity and culture ◦ Nationality-The country which a person identifies with. ◦ Religion-Organized collection of beliefs and worldviews. ◦ Language-Complex system of human verbal communication. Paul Rusesabagina’s ethnicity is Hutu. His nationality is Rwandan. His religion is Christianity. His language is Kinyarwanda.

7. TIME

8. Important Terms ◦ BC-Before Christ, the years before the birth of Christ in the Christian calendar. ◦ AD-Anno Domini, the years after the birth of Christ, beginning with the year 1. ◦ BCE-Before Common Era, non-religious form of BC. ◦ CE-Common Era, non religious form of AD.

9. Christian Calendar Begins with the birth of Christ Originally based on the Julian Calendar Replaced in 1582 by the Gregorian Calendar, a slight correction Actually four years off- Christ was born in 4 BC

10. Hebrew Calendar Year 1=“The Year of Creation,” 3761 BCE Days go from sunset to sunset New Year=Rosh Hashanah Upcoming year will be 5775

11. Islamic Calendar Begins with Muhammad leaving Mecca for Medina- the Hijrah (622 AD) Lunar calendar Next year will be 1436 AH (In the year of the Hijrah)

12. Measures of Time ◦ Decade-A period of ten years. ◦ Century-A period of 100 years. ◦ Millennium-A period of 1000 years. ◦ There is no year 0. ◦ Centuries and millennia, AD begin in years ending in “1” and end in years ending in “0” ◦ Centuries and millennia, BC begin in years ending in “0” and end in years ending in “1”

13. Century Rules ◦ The first century began in the year 1 AD and lasted until the last minute of the year 100 AD. ◦ The second century began in the year 101 AD and lasted until the last minute of the year 200 AD. ◦ The first century, BC began in the year 100 BC and lasted until the last minute of the year 1, BC. ◦ The second century, BC began in the year 200 BC and lasted until the last minute of the year 101 BC.

14. How to calculate the time span between dates ◦ When both dates are in AD or both dates are in BC, subtract one from the other. ◦ Example: From 2000 to 2014 is 14 years. ◦ Example: From 100 BC to 90 BC is 10 years. ◦ When one date is in AD and one date is in BC, add them, and subtract 1 (since there was no year 0) ◦ Example: From 100 BC to 100 AD is 199 years. ◦ From 1 BC to 2014 AD is 2014 years.