1. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 Aulanni’am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Department Brawijaya University aulani@brawijaya.ac.id Bioethics as a basis for decision-making

2. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 Why Bioethics?

3. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 Current Bioethical Issues  Check the local news paper  Stem cells (state, national, international)  Genetically Engineered Organisms  Knowing your genes  In vetro fertilization – choosing your child's genes and characteristics  Global warming  Chemicals exposures – human health  Environmental health

4. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." - Aldo Leopold, 1949, A Sand County Almanac The First Bioethicist ---------- 1887 - 1948 ---------- Aldo Leopold

5. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 “An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence” Aldo Leopold Limits on Freedom

6. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 “The Commons” The Tragedy of the Commons By Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

7. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 Technical Solutions “It is our considered professional judgment that this dilemma has no technical solution.” The Tragedy of the Commons By Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

8. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 Problems – Solutions?  Lead and kids  Fetal alcohol syndrome  Nuclear disarmament  Bioterrorism  Ocean Fisheries  Persistent chemicals  The Commons

9. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 "Biology combined with diverse humanistic knowledge forging a science that sets a system of medical and environmental priorities for acceptable survival.“ Global Bioethics (1988) Bioethics -------- 1911 - 2001 -------- Van Rensselaer Potter

10. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 1860’s - Scientific method in medicine, Gregor Mendel 1928 - Penicillin discovered – widely used WWII 1920’s - Lead in gasoline, lead in paint 1931 - 30 states had sterilization laws on books 1932 - Tuskegee syphilis study initiated 1947 - Nuremberg - The Doctors Trial 1952 - First open heart surgery & Chlorpromazine 1953 - Structure of DNA – Watson & Crick Ethics and Science

11. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 60’s - Thalidomide, mercury, chronic hemodialysis, amniocentesis, informed consent, IRB’s 70’s - Hastings Center founded, bioethics defined, Tuskegee noticed, Belmont Report (3 principles), Genentech Inc. founded, awareness of FAS, sensitivity of developing CNS 80’s - Recombinant microorganism could be patented, lead is harmful to developing brain 90’s - molecular biology, sequencing of human genome (other species), Jurassic Park 00’s - US stem cell research restricted 03 - Human cloned? Ethics and Science

12. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5Question?? Who were the most influential people of the past century? James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA (and Rosalind Franklin).

13. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 ELSI  Ethical  Legal / Regulatory  Social  Implications or Issues  What is unsaid or missing?  Science  Values  Politics

14. Aulani "GE" Presentation 5 Topics  Why this is topic important  DNA to RNA to Proteins  Stem Cells  Cloning – Therapeutic and Human