1. Nursing Management: Visual and Auditory Problems
Chapter 22 Overview
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2. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Visual Problems
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3. Correctable Refractive Errors
Nonsurgical Corrections
Corrective glasses
Contact lenses
Corneal molding
Surgical Therapy
Laser
Implant
Thermal procedures
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4. Uncorrectable Visual Impairment
Levels of Visual Impairment
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5. Uncorrectable Visual Impairment
Table Definition of Legal Blindness in the United States.
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6. Nursing Management: Visual Impairment
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
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7. Nursing Management: Visual Impairment
Nursing Implementation
Health promotion
Acute intervention
Ambulatory and home care
Optical devices for vision enhancement
Nonoptical methods for vision enhancement
Evaluation
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8. Gerontologic Considerations: Visual Impairment
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9. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Eye Trauma
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10. Extraocular Disorders
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11. Inflammation and Infection
Hordeolum
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12. Inflammation and Infection
Fig Hordeolum (sty) on the upper eyelid caused by staphylococcal infection.
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13. Inflammation and Infection
Chalazion
Blepharitis
Conjunctivitis
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Chlamydial infections 
Allergic conjunctivitis
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14. Inflammation and Infection
Keratitis
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Other causes of keratitis 
Corneal ulcer
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15. Inflammation and Infection
Fig Corneal ulcer. Infection associated with poor contact lens care.
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16. Nursing Management: Inflammation and Infection
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
Nursing Implementation
Health promotion
Acute intervention
Ambulatory and home care
Evaluation
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Dry Eye Disorders
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18. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Strabismus
Fig Strasbismus with right exotropia and fixation of the left eye.
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19. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Corneal Disorders
Corneal Scars and Opacities
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Corneal Disorders
Fig Sutures on a donated cornea after penetrating keratoplasty (corneal transplant).
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21. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Corneal Disorders
Keratoconus
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22. Intraocular Disorders
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23. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Cataract
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
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24. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Cataract
Collaborative Care
Nonsurgical therapy
Surgical therapy
Preoperative phase
Intraoperative phase
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Cataract
Fig Intraocular lens implant after cataract surgery.
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26. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Cataract
Collaborative Care
Surgical therapy, continued
Postoperative phase
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27. Nursing Management: Cataracts
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
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28. Nursing Management: Cataracts
Nursing Implementation
Health promotion
Acute intervention
Ambulatory and home care
Evaluation
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29. Gerontologic Considerations: Cataracts
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30. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Retinopathy
Fig Diabetic retinopathy. Intraretinal dot or blot hemorrhages.
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31. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Retinal Detachment
Etiology and Pathophysiology
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Retinal Detachment
Table Risk Factors for Retinal Detachment.
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Retinal Detachment
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
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Retinal Detachment
Collaborative Care
Surgical therapy
Laser photocoagulation and cryopexy
Scleral buckling
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Retinal Detachment
Fig Retinal break with detachment: surgical repair by
scleral buckling technique.
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36. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Retinal Detachment
Collaborative Care
Surgical therapy, continued
Intraocular procedures
Postoperative considerations
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37. Age-related Macular Degeneration
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Collaborative Care
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38. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Glaucoma
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
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39. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Glaucoma
Fig A, In the normal eye, the optic cup is pink with little cupping. B, In glaucoma, the optic disc is bleached and optic cupping is present. (Note the appearance of the retinal vessels, which travel over the edge of the optic cup and appear to dip into it.)
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40. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Glaucoma
Collaborative Care
Chronic open-angle glaucoma
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma
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41. Nursing Management: Glaucoma
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
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42. Nursing Management: Glaucoma
Nursing Implementation
Health promotion
Acute intervention
Ambulatory and home care
Evaluation
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43. Gerontologic Considerations: Glaucoma
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44. Intraocular Inflammation and Infection
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45. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Ocular Tumors
Fig Uveal melanoma. A large tumor in the choroid, the most common location in the eye for melanoma.
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46. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Enucleation
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47. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
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48. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Auditory Problems
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49. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
External Ear and Canal
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50. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Trauma
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51. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
External Otitis
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
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52. Nursing Management: External Otitis
Table Patient and Caregiver Teaching Guide.
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53. Cerumen and Foreign Bodies in External Ear Canal
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54. Malignancy of External Ear
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55. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Middle Ear and Mastoid
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56. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Acute Otitis Media
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57. Otitis Media With Effusion
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58. Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
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59. Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Fig Perforations of the tympanic membrane. A, Small central perforation (hearing is usually good). B, Large central perforation around the handle of the malleus (hearing is usually poor). C, Marginal perforation of Shrapnell’s membrane (hearing is usually good). Cholesteatomas commonly occur in patients with a marginal perforation that does not heal.
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60. Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Collaborative Care
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61. Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Table Collaborative Care.
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62. Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Collaborative Care, continued
Surgical therapy
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63. Nursing Management: Chronic Otitis Media
Following Tympanoplasty
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64. Nursing Management: Chronic Otitis Media
Table Patient and Caregiver Teaching Guide.
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65. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Otosclerosis
Collaborative Care
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66. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Otosclerosis
Table Collaborative Care.
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67. Nursing Management: Otosclerosis
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68. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Inner Ear Problems
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69. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Ménière’s Disease
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70. Nursing and Collaborative Management: Ménière’s Disease
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71. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
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72. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Acoustic Neuroma
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73. Hearing Loss and Deafness
Fig Causes of hearing loss.
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74. Hearing Loss and Deafness
Types of Hearing Loss
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Mixed hearing loss
Central and functional hearing loss
Classification of hearing loss
Clinical Manifestations
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75. Nursing and Collaborative Management: Hearing Loss and Deafness
Health Promotion
Environmental noise control
Immunizations
Ototoxic substances
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76. Nursing and Collaborative Management: Hearing Loss and Deafness
Assistive Devices and Techniques
Hearing aids
Speech reading
Sign language
Cochlear implant
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77. Nursing and Collaborative Management: Hearing Loss and Deafness
Fig Cochlear implant.
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78. Nursing and Collaborative Management: Hearing Loss and Deafness
Assistive Devices and Techniques, continued
Assisted listening devices
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79. Gerontologic Considerations: Hearing Loss
Table Classification of Presbycusis.
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