1. Objective Personality Tests

2. Examples of uni-dimensional traits Surveys
Locus of Control
Need for Cognition
Tolerance of Ambiguity
Type A/B

3. Locus of Control Julian Rotter 1966 Internal vs External
Control of reinforcement
Internal = own action determines rewards
External = rewards determined by luck, fate, chance

4. Need for Cognition Cacioppo and Petty 1982
“tendency for an individual to engage in and enjoy thinking”

5. Tolerance for Ambiguity
MSTAT - Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance
David McLain 1993
“ability to tolerate contradictory and incalculable information”
Trait or state?

6. Type A/B Friedman and Jordan 1950s
Type A = ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status conscious, sensitive, truthful, impatient, try to help others, meet deadlines, multi-task
Type B = apathetic, patient, relaxed, easy-going, no sense of time schedule, poor organizational skills

7. Examples of uni-dimensional traits Behavioral
Impulsive/Reflective (Kagan - Matching familiar figures)
Field Dependent/Independent (Witkin - embedded figures)

8. Impulsive/Reflective
Matching Familiar Figures – (MFF)
Jerome Kagan – 1965
Based on time to react
Slower, more accurate = reflective
Faster, less accurate = impulsive

9. Field Dependent/Independent
Embedded Figures Test – (EFT)
Herman Witkin – 1950’s

10. Field Dependent
– has trouble finding geometric shape embedded in background = very interpersonal, reads social cues well, openly convey own feelings. Women more likely field dependent

11. Field independent
– readily finds geometric shape regardless of background = has internal frame of reference, imposes own sense of order on situation lacking structure, impersonal and task oriented, separate own self identity from field. Men frequently field independent.

12. Personality assessment
Do a class activity using the 4 pictures on Elmo that come out to the same MBTI dimensions – compare later

13. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs
1940s
Based on Jung’s personality dimensions
126 forced choice questions
20-30 minutes

14. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Heavily used in research
lots of validity studies
used in academic and counseling settings
vocational preferences
interpersonal interactions

15. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (example of MBTI types)
Measures 4 dimensions of personality
extroversion-introversion (EI)
sensing-intuition (SN)
thinking-feeling (TF)
judgement-perception (JP)
combine into 16 personality types e.g. ESTJ

16. Keirsey Temperament Sorter – II KTS-II
Similar to MBTI test profile - high validity – computerized - shorter
4 Scales
(E)=Expressive vs. (I)=Attentive
(S)=Observant vs. (N)=Introspective
(T)=Tough-minded vs. (F)=Friendly
(J)=Scheduling vs. (P)=Probing

17. MBTI/KRT/images Scores???? ESFJ – (MBTI) ISFJ – (KRT) ENTP – ABAB
Reliability????
Validity?????
Standardization????
Compare scores and figure out which reliability, validity and standardization to use.

18. Survey data

19. 16 Personality Factors - 16 PF
Cattell last revised 2000
data reduction by factor analysis
Started with 18,000 adjectives describing personality = 16 factors
185 items (true, ?, false)
30-60 minutes
5th grade reading level (16 years and over)
computer or hand score

20. 16 Personality Factors - 16 PF
Measures 16 primary personality traits
good reliability - test/retest, internal
good validity - construct and criterion
lots of norms and profiles
Heavily used in research
Counseling (couples)
Career and vocational guidance

21. 16 factor scales 16 bipolar dimensions of personality 5 global factors
Extraversion
Anxiety
Tough-mindedness
Independence
Self-control
IM (impression management)

22. 16 factors – additional scales
Vocational themes
Validity scales
Leadership scores
Degree of compatibility

23. Revised NEO Personality Inventory NEO – PI-R
Costa & McCrae /1995
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness

24. 16 PF and NEO
Are they the same dimensions????? How would we tell?????

25. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Original development 1940 –Hathaway & McKinley
(MMPI ) MMPI-2-RF 2008
Over 18 years
MMPI -A – 1992 (adolescent) 14 – 18 yrs
Clinical populations
paper-pencil, computer or audio
35-50 minutes
About 338 questions

26. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2-RF)
Criterion based (or data reduction)
large pool of questions
select appropriate criterion groups
factor analysis

27. MMPI – 2-RF scales 50 scales 8 Validity scales addiction scales
supplemental scales

28. Problems with MMPI-2 norms inter-item consistency is low
high inter correlations between scores
validity
reading at 6th grade
self-report

29. California Psychological Inventory-260 (CPI)
Developed revised 2005
assess normal adult personality
260 true/false questions (1/2 from MMPI)
30-45 minutes
paper-pencil
normed on college students

30. California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
29 socially desirable behavioral tendencies
Interpersonal styles
self acceptance
self control
flexibility
more positive than MMPI
used for educational, vocational, counseling