1. Decentralized Power Production in Rural Communities Andrea French Nicole Munguia November 21, 2006

2. Producer Gas Methods for Biogas Production Anaerobic Digestion Biomass Gasification Fuel Sources Decomposition Process Processing Method Various Applications: Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Production

3. Anaerobic Digesters to Produce Biogas in Rural India Feed Material Digestion Process Plant Design Applications Potential http://www.biotank.co.uk/images/Feat11_picII-1.jpg http://breathappeal.com/causes.htm

4. Feed Material Type of FeedstockBiogas per kg Feedstock (m 3 ) Cows or Buffalo Dung0.023-0.040 Pig Dung0.040-0.059 Poultry Dung0.065-0.116 Human Dung0.020-0.028 Pre-treated Crop residue and Water Hyacinth 0.037-0.045 http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/gasification/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4205506.stm http://www.visakhaspca.org/programs/cowsan ctuary.asp http://www.worldofstock.com/closeups/TAN1242.php

5. Digestion Process Steps 3 & 4 Chemical Equation: CO 2 + 4H 2 → CH 4 + 2H 2 O Steps 3 & 4 Chemical Equations: CO 2 + 4H 2 = CH 3 COOH + 2H 2 O CH 3 COOH → CH 4 + CO 2 http://www.biotank.co.uk/images/Feat11_picII-1.jpg Matter% Methane, CH 4 55-75 Carbon Dioxide, CO 2 25-45 Carbon Monoxide, CO0-0.3 Nitrogen, N 2 1-5 Hydrogen, H 2 0-3 Hydrogen Sulfide, H 2 S0.1-0.5 Oxygen, O 2 Traces Average Composition of Biogas

6. Fixed Dome Designs http://web1.msue.msu.edu/intext/biogas10.jpg http://web1.msue.msu.edu/intext/blue%20bags.jpg http://www.grameen- info.org/grameen/gshakti/prog rams.html

7. Fixed Dome Diagram http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0541E/T0541E0E.GIF

8. Design Parameters Design of Biogas Plant Number of Cows4 Assuming 1 Cow Produces10 kg of dung/day Amount of Dung Produced by 4 Cows40 kg Amount of Gas Produced by 1 kg of Dung0.05 m 3 Amount of Gas Produced by 40 kg of Dung2 m 3 Daily Requirement of Gas for Cooking/Lighting for 1 Person 0.5-0.6 m 3 2 m 3 of Gas per Day Will Provide Cooking and Lighting for2/0.6 to 2/0.5 = 3 or 4 persons

9. Anaerobic Decomposition BioGas Applications Effluent Use Fertilizer Soil conditioner (Destroys Pathogens) Lighting Cooking http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/prakratik http://www.repp.org /discussiongroups/r esources/gasificatio n/ http://www.oredaorissa.com/Photo.html 2 m 3 biogas plant in a month could replace: 26 kg if LPG, 37 liters of kerosene, 88 kg of charcoal, 210 kg of fuel wood, or 740 kg of animal dung.

10. Potential for India 260 million cows 10 kg dung per day 75% collection rate ~2 million tons of dung daily 40 kg dung produces 2 m 3 biogas 40 million 2 m 3 plants http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/images/got wattbig.jpg

11. Biomass Gasification Characteristics of Fuel Sources Types of Gasifiers Cooling and Filtering Producer Gas Applications

12. Characteristics of Fuel Sources High Energy Content/Bulk Density Low Moisture Content Excellent Fuels Bulk Density (kg/m^3) M.C. (%)Ash (%)Tar (g/m^3) Coconut Shells crushed 43511.80.83 Peach Pits 47410.90.91.1 Corn Cobs 304111.57.24 Prune Pits 5148.20.50 Walnut Shells cracked 33781.16.24 Wood Blocks 5cm cubes 2565.40.23.24 Low Tar Production Low Ash Production Rajvanshi, A.K., (1986)

13. Gasifier Design Updraft, Downdraft and Crossdraft Tailored to the Fuel Source Produce Minimal Dust and Tar (Rajvanshi, 1986). Updraft Downdraft Crossdraft Downdraft Reactor

14. Cooling & Filtering Producer Gas Filter out impurities Cool producer gas to ambient temperature Schematic Producer Gas Plant (Rajvanshi, 1986)

15. Applications Power Applications Generators for Electricity IC engines for Agricultural Equipment Pump for Irrigation Purposes Thermal Application Boil Water Cooking & Grain Drying Steam generation: Cogeneration or Residential Space Heating Chemical Production Methanol: Oxidize Methane Hydrogen Gas: Water-Gas Shift Reaction/Steam Reforming

16. QUESTIONS???? References: 1.http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0022.htmhttp://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0022.htm 2.http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80362e/80362E0j.htmhttp://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80362e/80362E0j.htm 3.http://web.archive.org/web/20041124201613/www.eere.energy.gov/con sumerinfo/factsheets/ab5.html?printhttp://web.archive.org/web/20041124201613/www.eere.energy.gov/con sumerinfo/factsheets/ab5.html?print 4.Biogas: The Indian NGO Experience by AFPRO-CHF Network 5.Energy, The Biomass Solution by Henry Bugay 6.Rajvanshi, A.K., (1986). Biomass Gasification [Electronic version]. Alternative Energy in Agriculture, Vol.II, Ed.D, Chapter (No.4), 83-102.