1. Scarcity, Opportunity Costs, and the Production Possibilities Curve

2. Scarcity

3. BECAUSE RESOURCES ARE SCARCE
Scarcity
Resources are scarce
You can’t always get what you want so everyone must make choices.
Choices can be dependent on money but also time.
Why do individuals have to make choices?
BECAUSE RESOURCES ARE SCARCE

4. Scarcity
Resource is anything that can be used to produce something else
lists of the economy’s resources:
land
labor (the time of workers)
capital (machinery, buildings, and other man-made productive assets)
human capital (the educational achievements and skills of workers) (your book calls this entrepreneurial ability)

5. Scarcity
A resource is scarce when there’s not enough of the resource available to satisfy all the various ways a society wants to use it
Examples are natural resource, human resources (labor, skill, intelligence) and even clean air and water
The scarcity of resources means that society as a whole must make choices
One way to make choices is to allow them to emerge as the result of many individual choices – which is what happens in a market economy

6. Opportunity Costs

7. Opportunity Costs
The real cost of an item is its opportunity cost – what you give up in order to get it
The concept of opportunity cost is crucial to understanding individual choice because, in the end, all costs are opportunity costs. Every choice you make means forgoing some other alternative
Some important decisions involve an “either-or” choice
Example: You decide either to go to college or to begin working, you decide whether to take economics or to take something else

8. Opportunity Costs
But other important decisions involve “how much” choices
Example: you are taking both AP Economics and AP Chemistry, you must decide how much time to spend studying for each

9. Opportunity Costs
How Much” decisions is a decision to make at the margin – comparing the costs and benefits of doing a little bit more of an activity versus doing a little bit less –known as marginal decisions and the study of which is known as Marginal analysis
Usually in a decision made at the margin, you decision is involving a “trade-off” which is a comparison of costs and benefits

10. Explicit Costs vs. Implicit Costs
Opportunity Costs is the real cost of something you must give up to get it
When making decisions, it is crucial to think in terms of opportunity cost, because the opportunity cost of an action is often considerably more than the cost of any outlays of money
Opportunity Costs can be broken into two parts:
Explicit costs
Implicit costs

11. Explicit Costs is a cost that requires an outlay of money
Implicit Costs, does not involve an outlay of money; instead, it is measured by the value, in dollar terms, of the benefits that are forgone
Example:
EC: an additional year of college requires tuition
IC: an additional year of college includes the income you would have earned in your have taken a job instead

12. Opportunity Cost of an Additional Year of School

13. Production Possibilities Curve

14. To think about the trade-offs that face any economy (comparing the costs and benefits), economists use the Production Possibilities Curve
The model is used to improve our understanding of trade-offs by considering a simplified economy that produces only two goods

15. The following graph is a hypothetical production possibilities curve for Tom, a castaway as seen in the movie Cast Away. He must make a trade-off between production of fish and production of coconuts

16. What is the maximum quantity of fish Tom can catch if he also gathers 9, 15 or 30 coconuts?
The frontier – the line in the diagram – shows the maximum quantity of fish Tom can catch during a week GIVEN the quantity of coconuts he gathers, and vice versa.
Quantity of coconuts 30 D
Feasible and
efficient
in production
Not feasible A 15
Figure Caption:
Figure The Production Possibility Frontier
The production possibility frontier illustrates the trade-offs facing an economy that produces two goods. It shows the maximum quantity of one good that can be produced given the quantity of the other good produced. Here, the maximum quantity of coconuts that Tom can gather depends on the quantity of fish he catches, and vice versa. His feasible production is shown by the area inside or on the curve. Production at point C is feasible but not efficient. Points A and B are feasible and efficient in production, but point D is not feasible.
Feasible but
not efficient B 9 C
Production possibility frontier
PPF 20 28 40
Quantity of fish

17. Distinction between points
INSIDE or ON the PPC: shaded area
points inside or on the frontier is feasible
Points that lie outside the PPC are hypothetical points that are not feasible
Quantity of coconuts 30 D
Feasible and
efficient
in production
Not feasible A 15
Figure Caption:
Figure The Production Possibility Frontier
The production possibility frontier illustrates the trade-offs facing an economy that produces two goods. It shows the maximum quantity of one good that can be produced given the quantity of the other good produced. Here, the maximum quantity of coconuts that Tom can gather depends on the quantity of fish he catches, and vice versa. His feasible production is shown by the area inside or on the curve. Production at point C is feasible but not efficient. Points A and B are feasible and efficient in production, but point D is not feasible.
Feasible but
not efficient B 9 C
Production possibility frontier
PPF 20 28 40
Quantity of fish

18. Efficiency

19. Efficiency
PPC illustrates the economic concept of efficiency (an economy is efficient if all opportunities to make some people better off without making other people worse off are taken)
Key element of efficiency is that there are no missed opportunities in production – there is no way to produce more of one good without producing less of other goods
As long as Tom is on the PPC frontier, his production is efficient

20. If an economy is producing at a point on its production possibility frontier, we say that the economy is efficient in production
But…. if Tom was at point C it would be a one-person economy and this is not efficient in production and would be inefficient—producing more of both goods
Example in the economy is when people are involuntarily unemployed, they want to work but are unable to find jobs and this means the economy is not efficient in production because it could be producing more output is these people were employed

21. PPC helps to clarify what it means for an economy to be efficient in production BUT efficiency in production is only part of what’s required for the economy as a whole to be efficient
Efficiency also requires that the economy allocates its resources so that consumers are as well off as possible – efficiency in allocation
Efficiency for the economy as a whole requires both efficiency in production and efficiency in allocation; to be efficient, an economy must produce as much of each good as it can given the production of other goods, and it must also produce the mix of goods that people wasn’t to consume

22. Production possibility frontier
Quantity of coconuts 30 D
Feasible and
efficient
in production
Not feasible A 15
Figure Caption:
Figure The Production Possibility Frontier
The production possibility frontier illustrates the trade-offs facing an economy that produces two goods. It shows the maximum quantity of one good that can be produced given the quantity of the other good produced. Here, the maximum quantity of coconuts that Tom can gather depends on the quantity of fish he catches, and vice versa. His feasible production is shown by the area inside or on the curve. Production at point C is feasible but not efficient. Points A and B are feasible and efficient in production, but point D is not feasible.
Feasible but
not efficient B 9 C
Production possibility frontier
PPF 20 28 40
Quantity of fish

23. Unemployment can change the PPC curve
How does unemployment, unused production and economic downturns affect the PPC?
Analysis and conclusion change because we can’t assume that all available resources are fully employed
Unemployment can change the PPC curve
Show graphically by placing points inside the original production possibilities curve

24. Opportunity Costs

25. PPC also shows that the true cost of any good is not just the amount of money it costs to buy, but everything else in addition to money that must be given up in order to get that good – the opportunity cost
The slope of a straight-line PPC is equal to the opportunity cost – specifically, the opportunity cost for the good measured on the horizontal axis in terms of the good measured on the vertical access

26. Law of increasing opportunity cost – when the production of a particular good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit rises
Increasing opportunity costs – the more fish that Tom catches, the more coconuts he has to give up to catch an additional fish
When opportunity costs are increasing rather than constant, the production possibilities frontier is a bowed-out curve rather than a straight line

27. Increasing Opportunity Cost
Quantity of coconuts
Producing the first
20 fish . . .
…requires giving up
5 coconuts 35 30
But producing
20 more fish . . . A 25 20
…requires giving up
25 more coconuts… 15
Figure Caption:
Figure Increasing Opportunity Cost
The bowed-out shape of the production possibility frontier reflects increasing opportunity cost. In this example, to produce the first 20 fish, Tom must give up 5 coconuts. But to produce an additional 20 fish, he must give up 25 more coconuts. 10
When more of a good is produced, its opportunity cost typically rises because well-suited inputs are used up and less adaptable inputs must be used instead 5
PPF 10 20 30 40 50
Quantity of fish

28. Economic Growth on the PPC Curve

29. PPC can show economic growth
Remember, economic growth is the growing ability of the economy to produce goods and services
It literally means that the economy can produce more of everything—it is showed on a PPC as a point that lies outside the original frontier. On the PPC, growth is shown as an outward shift of the frontier

30. What leads to this?
Increase in the economy’s factors of production (resources used to produce goods and services)
includes land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial ability
Increase in progress in technology (technical means for the production of goods and services)
innovations in the techniques we use to produce goods and services have been a crucial force behind economic growth

31. Economic Growth
Quantity of coconuts
Economic growth results in an outward shift of the PPF because production possibilities are expanded.
Production is initially at point A (20 fish and 25 coconuts),  it can move to point E (25 fish and 30 coconuts).
The economy can now produce more of everything. 35 E 30 A 25 20 15
Figure Economic Growth
Economic growth results in an outward shift of the production possibility frontier because production possibilities are expanded. The economy can now produce more of everything. For example, if production is initially at point A (20 fish and 25 coconuts), it could move to point E (25 fish and 30 coconuts). 10 5
Original
New
PPF
PPF 10 20 25 30 40 50
Quantity of fish

32. Scarcity, Opportunity Costs, and the Production Possibilities Curve

33. Scarcity

34. BECAUSE RESOURCES ARE SCARCE
Scarcity
Resources are scarce
Why do individuals have to make choices?
BECAUSE RESOURCES ARE SCARCE

35. Scarcity
Resource is anything that can be used to produce something else
lists of the economy’s resources:
land
labor
capital
human capital (your book calls this entrepreneurial ability)

36. Scarcity
A resource is scarce when there’s not enough of the resource available to satisfy all the various ways a society wants to use it
Examples are natural resource, human resources (labor, skill, intelligence) and even clean air and water
One way to make choices is to allow individual choices – which is what happens in a market economy

37. Opportunity Costs

38. Opportunity Costs
The real cost of an item is its opportunity cost – what you give up in order to get it
Some important decisions involve an “either-or” choice

39. Opportunity Costs
But other important decisions involve “how much” choices
Example: you are taking both AP Economics and AP Chemistry, you must decide how much time to spend studying for each

40. Opportunity Costs
“How Much” decisions is a decision to make at the margin – comparing the costs and benefits of doing a little bit more of an activity versus doing a little bit less
A decision made at the margin, involves a “trade-off” which is a comparison of costs and benefits

41. Explicit Costs vs. Implicit Costs
Decisions are made using the concept of opportunity cost, because the opportunity cost of an action is often considerably more than the cost of any outlays of money
Opportunity Costs can be broken into two parts:
Explicit costs
Implicit costs

42. Explicit Costs vs. Implicit Costs
Explicit Costs is a cost that requires an outlay of money
Implicit Costs, does not involve an outlay of money; instead, it is measured by the value, in dollar terms, of the benefits that are forgone
Example:
EC: an additional year of college requires tuition
IC: an additional year of college includes the income you would have earned in your have taken a job instead

43. Production Possibilities Curve

44. Production Possibilities Curve
Used to show the trade-offs that face any economy, economists use the Production Possibilities Curve
The model is used to help understand trade-offs by considering a simplified economy that produces only two goods

45. The frontier – the line in the diagram – shows the maximum quantity of fish Tom can catch during a week GIVEN the quantity of coconuts he gathers, and vice versa.
Quantity of coconuts 30 D A 15
Figure Caption:
Figure The Production Possibility Frontier
The production possibility frontier illustrates the trade-offs facing an economy that produces two goods. It shows the maximum quantity of one good that can be produced given the quantity of the other good produced. Here, the maximum quantity of coconuts that Tom can gather depends on the quantity of fish he catches, and vice versa. His feasible production is shown by the area inside or on the curve. Production at point C is feasible but not efficient. Points A and B are feasible and efficient in production, but point D is not feasible. B 9 C
Production possibility frontier
PPF 20 28 40
Quantity of fish

46. Efficiency

47. Efficiency PPC illustrates the economic concept of efficiency
Key element of efficiency is that there are no missed opportunities in production – there is no way to produce more of one good without producing less of other goods
As long as Tom is on the PPC frontier, his production is efficient

48. Efficiency
An efficient in production economy is producing at a point on its production possibility frontier
Example in the economy is when people are involuntarily unemployed, they want to work but are unable to find jobs and this means the economy is not efficient in production because it could be producing more output is these people were employed

49. Efficiency
Efficiency also requires that the economy be efficient in allocation – allocating its resources so that consumers are as well off as possible
Efficiency for the economy as a whole requires both efficiency in production and efficiency in allocation

50. Efficiency Quantity of coconuts 30 D A 15 B 9 C
Figure Caption:
Figure The Production Possibility Frontier
The production possibility frontier illustrates the trade-offs facing an economy that produces two goods. It shows the maximum quantity of one good that can be produced given the quantity of the other good produced. Here, the maximum quantity of coconuts that Tom can gather depends on the quantity of fish he catches, and vice versa. His feasible production is shown by the area inside or on the curve. Production at point C is feasible but not efficient. Points A and B are feasible and efficient in production, but point D is not feasible. B 9 C
Production possibility frontier
PPF 20 28 40
Quantity of fish

51. Efficiency
How does unemployment, unused production and economic downturns affect the PPC?
It changes because we can’t assume that all available resources are fully employed
Unemployment can change the PPC curve
Show graphically by placing points inside the original production possibilities curve

52. Opportunity Costs

53. Opportunity Costs PPC also shows opportunity costs
The slope of a straight-line PPC is equal to the opportunity cost – specifically, the opportunity cost for the good measured on the horizontal axis in terms of the good measured on the vertical access

54. Opportunity Costs
Law of increasing opportunity cost – when the production of a particular good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit rises
Increasing opportunity costs – the more fish that Tom catches, the more coconuts he has to give up to catch an additional fish
When opportunity costs are increasing rather than constant, the production possibilities frontier is a bowed-out curve rather than a straight line

55. Increasing Opportunity Cost
Quantity of coconuts 35 30 A 25 20 15
Figure Caption:
Figure Increasing Opportunity Cost
The bowed-out shape of the production possibility frontier reflects increasing opportunity cost. In this example, to produce the first 20 fish, Tom must give up 5 coconuts. But to produce an additional 20 fish, he must give up 25 more coconuts. 10 5
PPF 10 20 30 40 50
Quantity of fish

56. Economic Growth on the PPC Curve

57. Economic Growth on the PPC Curve
PPC can show economic growth
Remember, economic growth is the growing ability of the economy to produce goods and services
It literally means that the economy can produce more of everything—it is showed on a PPC as a point that lies outside the original frontier.
On the PPC, growth is shown as an outward shift of the frontier

58. Economic Growth on the PPC Curve
What leads to this?
Increase in the economy’s factors of production (resources used to produce goods and services)
Increase in progress in technology (technical means for the production of goods and services)

59. Economic Growth Quantity of coconuts 35 E 30 A 25 20 15 10 5 Original
Figure Economic Growth
Economic growth results in an outward shift of the production possibility frontier because production possibilities are expanded. The economy can now produce more of everything. For example, if production is initially at point A (20 fish and 25 coconuts), it could move to point E (25 fish and 30 coconuts). 10 5
Original
New
PPF
PPF 10 20 25 30 40 50
Quantity of fish