1. Area Nav: RNP Evolution
Me need capability
need to create
Need monitor and alert
Aramco

2. Agenda 1. Overview of CNS-ATM 2. FANS to RNP 3. RNP to PBN
4. PBN Concepts
5. Navigation Approvals
6. PBN Operational Summary
In Part 2 you will discover the evolution of required navigation performance and its use in performance based navigation.

3. Objectives Be familiar with the different periods of RNP
Know what PBN stands for
Know the difference between RNAV and RNP
Introduce navigation specifications
By the end of this session you will understand how RNP developed into it’s place in Performance Based Navigation. You will also be introduced to navigation specifications.

4. One World
The FANS concept, which became known as CNS/ATM, involved a complex and interrelated set of technologies, dependent largely on satellites. CNS/ATM was the vision developed by ICAO with the full cooperation of all sectors of the aviation community to accommodate the future needs of international air transport.

5. The Navigation Manual 4/19/2017
Recall a new panel was formed after FANS. The new panel redefined the RNP capability concept and published ICAO Doc 9613 titled Manual on Required Navigation Performance (RNP). Then in 2008, ICAO Doc 9613 third edition changed the title and concept to Performance-based Navigation (PBN). Let’s take a closer look at the evolution.

6. Paradigm Shift
Feed Me
The capability of the flight management system allows for self contained navigation. Navaids are now used in a different way. Their primary purpose is not for direct navigation, but to maintain the accuracy of the FMS position.

7. Almost There
Allowed countries to define airspace based on known aircraft performance
Allowed approval based on capability, not specific equipment
Allowed RNAV to become ubiquitous
RNP
The accuracy the navaids help the airplane maintain started the RNP concept. RNP is what allows the transition from a ground based to an aircraft based navigation system. As long as the navigation equipment is meeting the required performance, then it doesn’t matter what equipment is onboard.

8. The Evolution of RNP
RNP was developed to allow airspace designers to specify airspace and operation requirements without relying on specific equipment or systems. The original RNP concept was oriented toward en-route, remote, and oceanic airspace, and was primarily concerned with precise navigation and safe separation of routes.

9. RNP Concepts used for Different Purposes
RNP required by a regulatory agency for a defined flight path
RNP rating of a given airplane model
Actual Navigation Performance (ANP)
Since so many facets depend on RNP, different definitions appeared: the RNP required by a regulatory agency for a defined flight path, the RNP rating of a given airplane model, and the actual navigation performance (ANP) of an airplane during flight. The first two concepts often were referred to as RNP.

10. Standardization Jpeg ARINC Blueray ANSI …
Each manufacturer created definitions connected to their product
Each Country created its own rules and definitions
Manufacturers defined the RNP concept for their use, airspace designers for theirs. Also, a lack of specific guidance led to slightly different interpretations of many CNS/ATM parts. More standardization was necessary.

11. …Meanwhile back at ICAO Headquarters
Going Systemic
I think we’re on to something here boys. We’re going systemic and control the world.
…Meanwhile back at ICAO Headquarters
ICAO’s effort to harmonize all the participants caused a change from RNP operations to Performance Based operations. A new definition of RNP, along with other new modular concepts were born.

12. Learn PBN Definitions OUT WITH THE OLD IN WITH THE NEW
Consequently, many old definitions and individual country requirements have changed. You must learn the new definitions and don’t be confused by any old ones. Let’s now return to the RNP.

13. RNP concept
Navigation performance and concepts
PBN concept
Navigation Specifications Without Onboard Monitoring and Alerting
Navigation Specifications With Onboard Monitoring and Alerting
The performance based navigation concept created a standardized definition of RNP and allowed further standardization of many areas of the CNS/ATM. PBN is the solution enabling future efficiency enhancing operations.

14. Global Definitions
The Performance Based Navigation manual defines global definitions that all countries and manufactures follow. Once you learn the new concepts, it will apply everywhere you fly.

15. New Terms
The old definitions are gradually being simplified and giving way to the new standard definitions. Some definitions, such as RNP 10, MNPS, and RVSM will retain their old identities because they are already widely used in documentation.

16. PBN Manual Overview
Volume 1 covers the PBN concept and implementation guidance. Volume 2 covers general information related to all the navigation specifications.

17. Navigation Specifications
Define Possible Specifications
Create Navigation Specifications
Use Navigation Specifications
ICAO
Countries
Pilots
One way to look at the new world airspace is ICAO defines the available parts to the airspace. The states put the parts together to create navigation specifications. We use the navigation specifications for our flight.

18. PBN moves from limited statements of required performance accuracy to more extensive statements of required performance in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability, together with descriptions of how this performance is to be achieved in terms of aircraft and crew requirements.

19. Area Navigation
RNAV is a statement of the navigation performance accuracy necessary for operation within a defined airspace.
Stated as a number in nautical miles.
Specifies how “tight” the avionics must contain Total System Error (TSE).
Applies to NAV performance; includes the capability of the NAV system and aircraft equipment.
The use of Area Navigation systems lies at the core of PBN. PBN defines approval requirements for use of Area Navigation systems in airspace implementations.

20. Airspace RNAV 10 RNAV 5 RNAV 1 … It’s all RNAV these days! RNP 4 RNP 1
RNP APPR …
PBN defines two different kinds of airspace: RNAV airspace and RNP airspace. Both are based on area navigation, in fact, RNP airspace is just RNAV airspace plus more. Let’s take a closer look.

21. RNAV vs. RNP RNAV requires accuracy only
RNP requires accuracy plus monitoring and alerting
You always have to monitor and fly your track, but when in RNP airspace you must also set up a limit for airplane ANP
RNP is built on RNAV. RNP is RNAV plus the requirement that the navigation system monitor and give alerts when it is not meeting the required accuracy. It’s all the same RNAV airspace really. You still must always fly 100% of the time within the accuracy limit. When the airspace changes to RNP, now you must also set up monitoring and alerting.

22. RNP
Think of RNP as special use RNAV where requirements of the procedure or airspace need the additional alerting function. Typical examples are for terminal areas without radar, approaches, or arrivals where precise position information is required such as in congested airspace or mountainous terrain.

23. Airplane and Crew Together
Do you meet the requirements?
Performance Based Navigation is based on performance
Aircraft are admitted or restricted from various airspace based on their ability to meet required levels of performance. The performance required is a team effort by the aircraft and crew; the man machine concept.

24. Man & Machine Must Meet Performance Level
We both have to be on our game OK
RNAV 1
RNP 1
1nm
The navigation specification defines the performance required of the RNAV system together with any aircraft and aircrew requirements to support the defined performance level. When the number is 1, the required accuracy level is 1. Therefore, you must always remain within 1 nm of the route. This can be either defined as RNAV 1 or RNP 1 airspace.

25. PBN Summary Performance Based Navigation therefore depends on:
The RNAV equipment and it’s installation on the aircraft both being approved by the State of Operator/Registry to meet the performance; and
Functional requirements of the Navigation Specification prescribed for RNAV operations on ATS routes or in an airspace; and
Air crew satisfying the operating requirements set out by the regulation of the State of the Operator for RNAV operations; and
A defined airspace concept which includes RNAV operations; and
An available navigation aid infrastructure
You need to ensure the required equipment is operational, the equipment is receiving updating signals, etc. to maintain accuracy limits as well as ensuring that the aircraft is maintaining the required flight path. i.e. your map/magenta line is accurate and you are accurately tracking the magenta line.

26. Watch the last module to put it all together