1. The Hall Effects Richard Beck 141A 2013

2. Hall Effect Discovery The physics behind it Applications Personal experiments 2Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

3. Discovery Observed in 1879 Edwin Herbert Hall Discovered 18 years before the electron 3 Via Wikimedia Commons (public domain) Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

4. Principles Mobile charges pressed to one side from Lorentz force, immobile charges unaltered Creates internal electric potential, known as Hall voltage. For simple metals, is V = 4Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013 Note: t refers to the thickness of the metal along the direction of the B-field

5. A Visual Representation 5 From Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Resource Center Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

6. Hall Coefficient Magnitude parameter: In metals: In semiconductors: 6Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

7. Triumphs Classical Picture: only electrons moving in same average direction in both hole (p-type) and electron (n-type) conductivity Opposite sign indicates that electrons in valence bands move in opposite direction than previously thought 7Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

8. Applications Measurement can tell about charge carrier mobility, concentration Conversely, knowing the above allows for sensitive measurement of an external B-field Resistant to outside contaminants unlike optical, electromechanical testing 8Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

9. Hall Probes 9 Via LessEMF.com Via the NDT Resource Center Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

10. Rotation Sensing Hall Effect sensors capable of switching very fast, does not distort like capacitative or inductive sensors Contactless sensing 10Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

11. In Cars 11 Used expansively in rotating systems Anti-lock brakes, motor feedback, ignition Via Power Systems Design, Ltd. Via Draper, 2005 Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

12. In Space Hall Effect thruster Trap electrons in a magnetic field, electrons ionize propellant, creates thrust Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 201312

13. New Discoveries QuantumHall Effect Spin Hall Effect Anomalous Hall Effect 13Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

14. Quantum Hall Effect Quantization of normal Hall Effect Seen at low temperature, high magnetic field Very precise, magnitude determined by Landau levels and electron interaction 14Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

15. Spin Hall Effect Separation of electron spins in current- carrying object, no magnetic field needed Predicted in 1971, observed in 2004 via emission of circularly polarized light Universal, present in metals and semiconductors at high and low temperature 15Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

16. Anamolous Hall Effect Ferromagnetic materials have internal magnetic field Much larger than normal Hall Effect, but not well understood ; Possible Berry-phase effect 16 Via Toyosaki et al. 2004 Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

17. Personal Experiments Aluminum-doped Germanium 1 sq cm chip Van Der Pauw configuration 17Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

18. Hall Coefficients 18Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

19. Extrapolated Carrier Mobility 19 Clear temperature dependence! Has to do with electron energy Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

20. Summary Physics of the Hall Effect Popular Applications Future Potential 20Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 2013

21. References Kittel, Charles, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 2005 Kasap, Safa. Hall Effect in Semiconductors, University of Saskatchewan, 2001 Non Destructive Testing Resource Center, http://www.ndt- ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Measuring.ht m, 2004 Power Systems Design, http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/hall-effect-sensors- deliver-higher-efficiency-in-brushless-dc-motors?a=1&c=1399#, 2004 Ando, Tsuneya; Matsumoto, Yukio; Uemura, Yasutada (1975). Theory of Hall Effect in a Two-Dimensional Electron System. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 39 (2): 279–288. Spin effect M.I. Dyakonov (2007). Magnetoresistance due to edge spin accumulation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (12): 126601 N. A. Sinitsyn (2008). Semiclassical Theories of the Anomalous Hall Effect. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20 (2): 023201. Richard Beck - Physics 141A, 201321