2. VISUAL PROSTHESIS By Richard Jones and David Henley

3. OVERVIEW Various methods of helping (partially) blind – Brain implant – Seeing with sound – Eye implant

4. The First Useful Artificial Eye First implanted in 1978 Allowed ‘ Jerry ’ to see shades of grey – Whilst connected to a 10ft by 7ft, 2 ton computer Now computer weighs 5kg, and Jerry sees phosphenes Edge detection algorithms applied to images from camera ‘ Jerry ’ can navigate New York subway Very limited field of view

5. Neural Implants Camera mounted on glasses Computer converts signals into a form that can be ‘ understood ’ by the brain Signal passes down wires into the skull Connect to an electrode array on the surface of the visual cortex. Since the 1950s it has been known that stimulating the visual cortex produces phosphenes

6. The Second Generation Costs $80,000 US Percutaneous pedestals - were sunk into both sides of Jens skull Connected to platinum electronic arrays lying on surface of visual cortex Phosphene images had to be mapped He drove a car

7. Alternative methods Implant described sits on top of the visual cortex – Many neurons are stimulated at once Richard Normann, is working on device that will be implant into the visual cortex – Lower voltages required, so safer – Much more accurate Potential to stimulate individual neurons

8. vOICe DEVICE Visual Cortex can be stimulated by sound Typically 4000 pixels (vocals) / sec Perception 1000-4000 $2500 (exc training/adaptation) Environment /web etc

9. HOW IT WORKS 1)Left and Right – Scanning, stereo 2)Top and Bottom – Pitch = elevation 3)Dark and Light – Loudness = brightness

10. EXAMPLE Oscilloscopeother sound?other sound?

11. EXAMPLE 2

12. USER THOUGHTS A late-blinded user of The vOICe commented on August 29, 2002, saying: ``Just sound?.... No, It is by far more, it is sight ! There IS true light perception generated by the vOICe. When I am not wearing the voice the light I perceive from a small slit in my left eye is a grey fog. When wearing the vOICe the image is light with all the little greys and blacks. Yet a definite light image. ” …….

13. ADVANTAGES Cheap (1/10 implant cost) Fewer risks Quick No implants, no electrodes, no surgery Unobtrusive

14. DISADVANTAGES Cannot hear anything else Limited information Brain can only perceive so much sound Training is equivalent to learning a foreign language

15. EYE IMPLANT Artificial Retina Optic nerves and ganglia are intact Partially sighted Infra-red positioning/info/power

16. EYE IMPLANT

18. EXAMPLE OF PIXELATION

19. CONCLUSON Field is advancing all the time Three routes mentioned here have adv/disadv Dr. Dobelle has predicted that guide dogs / Braille will be obsolete by 2100 Geordi LaForge here we come!!!