2. Genetics and Variations Genetics and Variations The Language of Genetics The Language of Genetics Applied Genetics Applied Genetics author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

3. author unknown address unknown accessed unknown A. Introduction to Genetics A. Introduction to Genetics B. Variations B. Variations

4. 1. Genetics- the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring 2. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus a. genes are carried on chromosomes_ A. Introduction to Genetics author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click REFERRING GENETICS USING THE WORD “GENES” IN A SENTENCE. Think about it! Think Click

5. 3. Genes- are the ‘coded instructions’ for making proteins (recipe for cookies) a. determine the traits of all living things 4. DNA is the chemical (molecule) that stores the coded instructions a. similar to the way a cookbook stores different recipes_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

6. 5. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes a. gametes (sperm and egg) contain half the normal number of chromosomes- 23 chromosomes b. fertilization (joining of sperm and egg) restores the normal number- 46 chromosomes_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

7. B. Variations 1. Variations are ways in which organisms differ from one another a. inherited (~75%) b. environmental (~25%) 2. Can be continuous or discontinuous_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

8. 3. Continuous variation a. all organisms of a species show the characteristic to different extents b. height, skin color 4. Discontinuous variation a. an organism has the characteristic or it doesn't b. blue eyes, freckles, blood type_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

9. 5. The ultimate source of variations are mutations a. random or unpredictable changes in type or amount of DNA b. occur naturally but chances are increased by exposure to ionising radiation_ Science Museam http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/lifecycle/22.asp accessed 06.09.08

10. c. a mutation in a body cell is usually harmless but may lead to uncontrolled cell division (cancer) d. a mutation in sperm or egg may be passed on to offspring_ Fighting Back http://www.kcnomofightingcancer.org/2009/04/slip-slop-slap-to-keep-skin-sa.html accessed 0.09.09

12. 1. Genetics- the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring 2. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus a. genes are carried on chromosomes_ A. Introduction to Genetics author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click Source Unknown

13. Click 3. Continuous variation a. all organisms of a species show the characteristic to different extents b. height, skin color 4. Discontinuous variation a. an organism has the characteristic or it doesn't b. blue eyes, freckles, blood type_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Source Unknown

14. author unknown address unknown accessed unknown A. The Rules of Chance A. The Rules of Chance B. Monohybrid Crosses B. Monohybrid Crosses

15. 1. Gene- a portion of the chromosome that controls a trait (fur color) 2. Allele- different versions of a gene (B-black or b-brown) of which you have two a. genotype- genetic composition (BB, Bb, or bb) b. phenotype- physical appearance (black or brown)_ A. The Rules of Chance author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown ClickPlay

16. 3. True-breed- an organism that always passes on its characteristics a. homozygous- two of the same alleles for the same trait (BB- black or bb-brown) 4. Hybrid- an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait a. heterozygous- two different alleles for the same trait (Bb- black)_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown ClickPlay

17. 5. Dominant- in a hybrid, the allele that is expressed (B- black) 6. Recessive- in a hybrid, the allele that is not expressed (b- brown) 7. When looking at several generations of crosses a. P generation- parents b. F 1 generation- children c. F 2 generation- children’s children_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown ClickPlay

18. 1. A monohybrid cross results from crossing two organisms that differ in one characteristic 2. How to solve genetic problems using a punnett square a. identify the dominant and recessive alleles b. determine and label the parental genotypes and possible gametes c. set up a Punnett square with the sperm along the top and the eggs along the side_ B. Monohybrid Cross author unknown address unknown accessed unknown WHY IS IT THAT TWO BROWN-EYED PARENTS CAN PRODUCE A CHILD WITH BLUE EYES, YET TWO BLUE- EYED PARENTS CANNOT PRODUCE A CHILD WITH BROWN EYES? Think about it! Think

19. d. cross by placing the alleles from each sperm in the boxes below and the alleles from each egg in the boxes to the right e. the resulting combinations are the genotypes of the offspring (label this) f. determine the phenotypes of the offspring and list in each box (label this) g. determine the solution to the problem_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

21. A. Genetic Disorders A. Genetic Disorders B. Biotechnology B. Biotechnology C. Cloning C. Cloning author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

22. A. Genetic Disorders 1. If two unaffected parents have an affected child, the trait is recessive a. cystic fibrosis- a very serious breathing problem_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

23. b. sickle cell anemia- red blood cells are shaped like sickles 1) suffer pain, organ damage, even death c. thalassaemia- cannot make enough hemoglobin 1) pale, do not eat/sleep well, vomit_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

24. 2. If two affected parents produce a normal child the disorder must be dominant a. achondroplasia (dwarfism) b. polydactylism (6 fingers)_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

25. 3. Sex-linked disorders result from genes that are located on the X chromosome a. hemophilia b. color blindness_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

26. Play B. Biotechnology 1. The use of organisms to perform useful tasks is called biotechnology b. DNA profiling_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play IF YOU COULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO TAKE A GENE (TRAIT) FROM ANY ORGANISM, WHAT WOULD IT BE AND WHY?. Think about it! Think

27. 2. Genetic engineering may involve the transfer of desirable genes into crop plants and animals farmed for food a. can be problematic (unethical)_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

28. 1. Modern cloning techniques (tissue culture) enable the production of plants with identical genes a. sample of tissue scraped from parent (DNA) b. placed in nutrient agar containing hormones c. develop into tiny plants (original DNA) 2. Benefits agriculture by replicating favorable traits_ C. Cloning Germination http://www.gemination.com/ accessed 06.09.08 author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

29. 3. Cloning animals is also possible a. “Dolly” the sheep_ Research Councils UK http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/media/dolly.htm accessed 24.09.08 author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown ClickPlay