1. WAR ‘Now God be thanked who has matched me to this hour ‘‘Now God be thanked who has matched me to this hour ‘ ‘What passing bell for those who die as cattle ?‘What passing bell for those who die as cattle ? WAR IS–WAR IS– Glorious, patriotic, brings out the best in human natureGlorious, patriotic, brings out the best in human nature Vile, brings out the beast and the worst in human natureVile, brings out the beast and the worst in human nature

2. Facts and Causes Studying wars..... Facts can be proved Causes are subjective, open to argument, bias, revision. In an international school whose history are you teaching?

3. Why do people go to war ? Discuss with your neighbour your answers

4. Some reasons… HonourHonour PowerPower LandLand WealthWealth PrestigePrestige Resources, oil, gold,Resources, oil, gold, EmpireEmpire A moral purposeA moral purpose ReligionReligion …………………………..Human nature !

5. Searching for truth Consider the point of view of each side....Consider the point of view of each side.... The answer is not necessarily the middle wayThe answer is not necessarily the middle way Wars work through propagandaWars work through propaganda Nationalism can obscure the truth.Nationalism can obscure the truth. The nearer to today the more difficult to consider all the evidenceThe nearer to today the more difficult to consider all the evidence The earlier the period the more difficult for lack of evidenceThe earlier the period the more difficult for lack of evidence

6. Attitudes that encourage war... A Professional armyA Professional army NationalismNationalism A strong belief in a causeA strong belief in a cause GreedGreed Glorification of warGlorification of war PropagandaPropaganda

7. Consider Henry V’s speech before Harfleur.. How does he create enthusiasm for war.... How does he create enthusiasm for war....

8. Enthusiasm for War Band of brothersBand of brothers PatriotismPatriotism National IdentityNational Identity ‘God with us’‘God with us’ SacrificeSacrifice HonourHonour ExcitementExcitement A just causeA just cause Is there such a thing as a JUST WARIs there such a thing as a JUST WAR

9. The Criteria for waging a JUST WAR Just Cause Right intention Proper authority and public declaration Last resort Probability of success Proportionality

10. Conducting a just war Non combatants must not be directly attacked Non combatants must not be directly attacked The means used for fighting should be proportionate to the goals The means used for fighting should be proportionate to the goals What wars on your list would pass the test of a just war ?What wars on your list would pass the test of a just war ?

11. Pacifism Anti-War movements Pax Romana Pax Romana (did not include barbarians ) (did not include barbarians ) Quakers ‘ Friends’ Red Cross Quakers ‘ Friends’ Red Cross Ambulance unit Ambulance unit INDIVIDUAL CAMPAIGNERS INDIVIDUAL CAMPAIGNERS Mohandas Ghandi William Lloyd Garrison Mohandas Ghandi William Lloyd Garrison Fellowship of Reconciliation Conscientious objectors Fellowship of Reconciliation Conscientious objectors Henry Hodgkin 16,000 in WW1 Henry Hodgkin 16,000 in WW1 67,000 in WW2 +1000 women 67,000 in WW2 +1000 women Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Peace Pledge Union Peace Pledge Union Dick Shepherd 1935 Campaign for Nuclear Dick Shepherd 1935 Campaign for Nuclear 130,000 postcards Disarmament 130,000 postcards Disarmament What anti-war organisations exist in your country ?What anti-war organisations exist in your country ?

12. Peace at Government Level Who makes the decisions ? The Congress System - EuropeThe Congress System - Europe Wilson’s 14 Points –end of 1914-18 warWilson’s 14 Points –end of 1914-18 war 1919 Covenant of the League of Nations1919 Covenant of the League of Nations Charter of the United |Nations 1948Charter of the United |Nations 1948 Declaration of Human RightsDeclaration of Human Rights Strategic Arms Limitations TalksStrategic Arms Limitations Talks And........And........ Do you think that WW1 changed attitudes to war for the future ?Do you think that WW1 changed attitudes to war for the future ?

13. Studying wars..... Remember...causes are subjective, open to argument, bias, revision. Whose history are we teaching ?

14. W.W. 1 100 years after the start of WW1 –100 years after the start of WW1 – What examples can you give of good practice in teaching about this war ?What examples can you give of good practice in teaching about this war ?

15. War’s aim is nothing but glorious peace War’s aim is nothing but glorious peace Peace is war’s purpose Peace is war’s purpose St Augustine St Augustine