1. Introduction to Specialist Lubricants Mako-Lube Lubricants Limited Presentation by: Gavin Armitage Mako-Lube Lubrication Ltd Managing Director

2. Background to Mako-Lube Lubricants
Mako-Lube Lubricants is an independent specialty lubricant manufacturer based in Manchester, United Kingdom.
Mako-Lube Lubricants is the sister Company of Brit-Lube who were formed in year Mako-Lube formed in 2011 as the export division. “ An exciting new brand for Distribution only !”
Current Distributors in UK, Ireland, China, Thailand, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Norway, Sweden, Ecuador……..
Mako-Lube Lubricants have purpose built modern production facilities in the UK.
All product are manufactured & packaged in the UK.

3. Background to Mako-Lube Lubricants Group
Mako-Lube Lubricants offers a world class range of products.
Mako-Lube Lubricants has affiliate companies & distributors.
Mako-Lube Lubricants are represented worldwide.
Mako-Lube Lubricants specialise in high performance lubricants and lubrication including a complete range of synthetic oils, high performance, high and low temperature greases, fluid and dry film coatings.

4. Product Range Unrivalled Product Portfolio Food-Tek Indu-Tek Ultra-Tek
Xtreme-Tek
Manufactured to a quality, not a cost
High performance
Application Specific
Bespoke to customers specification
Access on - Members Area !

5. Mako-Lube Lubricants service many sectors….
Automotive
Food Industry
Aerospace
Electrical Industry
Conveyors & Chains
Textile Machinery
Faucets, Valves & Fittings
Corrugating Machines
Casting
Metalworking
Moulding
Oxygen

6. BASIC LUBRICANT TRAINING

7. The Refining Process WSR Atmos tower desulphuri- ser units Naphtha KEC
Light Oils
WSR
Atmos tower
desulphuri-
ser units
Naphtha
KEC
Kerosine
Kerosine
Gasoil
Diesel
Sulphurplant
Sulphur
Vacuum
tower
Lube Oil Unit
Base Oils
pda
Bitumen
Heavy Oils

8. Crude Oil Distillation
CNG
LPG
gasoline
heavier fuels:
bigger molecules
aromatics
alkenes
(olefins)
cycloalkanes
(naphthenes)
alkanes
(paraffins)
Distillation is fluid separation on boiling point

9. INTRODUCTION
Lubrication has been practiced for centuries. Early lubrication involved the use of water or animal fat to improve free running and reduce wear.
Chariot wheels were lubricated with rendered animal fat. Modern lubricants are more sophisticated, but similar principles are involved. Reduction of friction & wear.

10. BASIC LUBRICATION THEORY
At a microscopic scale, even apparently smooth surfaces are actually quite rough. Friction and wear result when these rough surfaces move across each other. *

11. BASIC LUBRICATION THEORY
Lubricants act between the opposing surfaces, reducing friction and wear.
Maintenance of the lubricant film is paramount; loss of lubrication leads to huge increases in friction; hence wear, seizure and component failure.

12. FRICTION REGIMES HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY MIXED ‘Aquaplaning’
‘Last ditch’
MIXED
EHD (lowest friction)

13. SLA - Solid Lubricating Additives Explained
PTFE
Oil
Graphite
MoS2 *

14. SOLID LUBRICANTS SOLIDS WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES
LOW INTERNAL FRICTION, SOFTNESS
EXTREME TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE, CAN BE USED ALONE OR AS ADDITIVES…
GRAPHITE, MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE (MOLY or MoS2), PTFE (TEFLON), MINERALS, SOFT METALS…
MOLY & GRAPHITE: The crystals are arranged in layers which slide easily over one another, GRAPHITE…up to 600°C, MoS2…up to 450°C DECK OF CARDS
Other solids include Talc, Mica, Boron Nitride, Zinc sulphide and Tungsten disulphide, similar layer structure.
PTFE/ TEFLON: Very low friction solid “Described as the Slipperiest Substance in the World!” Struggles under very high load.
PTFE SAMLPLES, GRAPHITE & MOLY

15. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
This is a measure of the ‘slipperiness or lubricity of a system. For a simple bearing, it varies with rotational speed, loading and viscosity of any lubricant.
An Inclined plane

16. BASIC TYPES OF LUBRICANTS
OILS
GREASES
SOLID LUBRICANTS
DRY FILM COATINGS
OTHER FLUIDS

17. OILS LUBRICATING OILS are made from a blend of base oils and additives
BASE OILS may be of many different types
ADDITIVES are included to improve the performance of the base oil

18. TYPES OF BASE OIL VEGETABLE (OR ANIMAL) MINERAL OIL
SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON
SYNTHETIC NON-HYDROCARBON *

19. TYPES OF ADDITIVES VI IMPROVERS CORROSION INHIBITORS ANTI-WEAR AGENTS
ANTI-OXIDANTS
EP ADDITIVES
DETERGENTS
ANTI-FOAMS

20. VEGETABLE OILS CHEAP BIODEGRADABLE NATURALLY VARIABLE QUALITY
LIMITED RANGE
UNSUITABLE FOR EXTREME TEMPERATURES
CHEMICALLY UNSTABLE

21. MINERAL OILS CHEAP MODERATE CHEMICAL STABILITY WIDE RANGE OF GRADES
NATURALLY VARIABLE QUALITY
UNSUITABLE FOR EXTREME TEMPERATURES
NON-BIODEGRADABLE

22. SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS
PURE MOLECULES
HIGHER CHEMICAL STABILITY
RELATIVELY EXPENSIVE
MAY BE BIODEGRADABLE

23. TYPES OF SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS
POLY ALPHA OLEFINS (PAOs)
Synthetic mineral oil without the impurities. Higher temperature resistance, less lacquer, same additives.
POLY ALKYLENE GLYCOLS (PAGs)
Can be oil soluble, water soluble or neither. Very low lacquer, higher temperature resistance. PAG additives are generally less effective.
ESTERS
DIESTERS. Better temperature resistance than PAGs. More expensive.
TRIESTERS. Better temperature resistance than diesters. Still more expensive
POLYOL ESTERS. Best temperature resistance of the esters. Unlike the previous synthetic oils these are biodegradable. Yet more expensive.

24. NON-HYDROCARBON OILS SILICONES Wide temperature range, high price
FLUOROSILICONES
Wider temperature range, higher price
FLUOROCARBONS, PFPEs
Widest temperature range, highest price *

25. BENEFITS OF NON-HYDROCARBONS
COMPATIBLE WITH SEALS
VERY HIGH CHEMICAL STABILITY
CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY
EXPENSIVE TO EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE

26. VISCOSITY & VI
Viscosity is an important parameter. Film thickness increases with viscosity, but so does friction. At low speeds, a viscous oil is best, at high speeds a light mobile fluid is preferred, as long as it is viscous enough to keep the surfaces separate!
The standard temperatures of measurement are 40°C & 100°C. The unit of measurement is the ‘centistoke’ cSt.
The viscosity also determines the ‘grade’ of oil. For example, ISO VG 220 oils are around °C
The property of viscosity varying with temperature is measured by the Viscosity Index, or VI – different oils have different Viscosity indexes. The VI is calculated from the difference in the viscosity at 40 & 100°C,
Less change in Viscosity with temperature = a higher VI

27. Oil Viscosities - Explained
High Load, Low Speed
High Speed, Low Load *

28. Conclusion :- Oils All oils are not the same
Finished products are basically a blend
Finished products of the same nature i.e. Esters, Mineral Oils etc. may perform differently as performance is due to specific “Additive Packages” used.
Rule of Thumb – Higher the Viscosity – Lower the speed, higher the load
Some Mako-Lube products have SLA’s Solid Lubricating Additives added for improved performance & friction reduction. i.e. MOS2 & Teflon/PTFE

29. GREASES Greases are thickened oils.
Formulated greases therefore contain:-
BASE OIL
ADDITIVES
THICKENER

30. COMPOSITION OF GREASES
BASE OIL +
(70 – 95%)
THICKENER +
(3 – 20%)
ADDITIVES
(0 – 10%)
GREASE =
100 %
More Common
MINERAL OILS
Paraffinic
Naphthenic
SIMPLE SOAPS
Lithium
Calcium
Sodium
Aluminium
Barium (rare)
ADDITIVES
Corrosion inhibitors
Anti wear
Extreme pressure
Antioxidant
Polymers
Anti copper
Solid Lubricants
Colourings
Friction Modifiers
Metal powders
SYNTHETIC OILS
Dialkylbenzène
Polyalphaolefins
Esters
Polyglycols
Silicones
Perfluoropolyethers
Polyphenylethers
COMPLEX SOAPS
Calcium
Lithium
Aluminium
Barium (rare)
INORGANIC
Bentone
Silica
Polyurea
PTFE & other solids
Less Common

31. Grease Composition What is a Grease?
A grease is a mixture of a base lubricating fluid (usually a mineral or a synthetic oil) and a thickener (usually a soap) dispersed in the oil.
Designed to provide extended lubrication intervals by gradually allowing the base fluid to provide lubrication between working surfaces.
More specialised greases contain additional additives to enhance high temperature and anti-wear performance and to provide corrosion protection. 31
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32. SOAPS & COMPLEXES
These are the most common greases. They contain no solid matter and are suitable for general purpose applications
SOAPS are simpler cheaper formulations. Limited by melting point
Most common Lithium i.e. Lithium EP 2 Grease
COMPLEXES have greater resistance to high temperatures, water & steam “Act Like a Sponge” to draw the oil film back into the grease. Sponge Demo
Lithium Complex, Calcium Complex, Aluminum Complex, Barium Complex etc.
Properties depend upon the chemical attributes of the thickener
Note: Lithium Grease & Lithium Complex have completely different performance characteristics but “Sound” the same

33. Grease Composition What goes into a specialised grease? Base Oil
Thickener
EP / Anti-wear Additives
Solid Lubricants
Oxidation Inhibitors
Corrosion Inhibitors 33
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34. Provides hydrodynamic lubrication
Grease Composition
Base Oil
Provides hydrodynamic lubrication
Types of Base Oil
Mineral Oil (-30ºC to 150ºC)
Synthetic Oil (-70ºC to 300ºC)
Vegetable Oil (-10ºC to 130ºC) 34
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35. Grease Composition Thickener Types of Thickener
Acts as a sponge and releases small quantities of oil when worked
Types of Thickener
Soaps: Lithium, Calcium, Aluminum, Sodium
Powders: Silica, Clay (Bentone), PTFE – Teflon
WHEN CHANGING FROM ONE TYPE OF GREASE TO ANOTHER, ALWAYS CHECK COMPATIBILITY! 35
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36. Grease Composition EP Additives Solid Lubricants
Chlorine, Sulphur, Phosphorus. EP Additives react with the metal surface when friction generates momentary high temperatures
Solid Lubricants
Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2)
Graphite
PTFE
White Solids * 36
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37. Grease Composition Anti-oxidants Anti-corrosion agents
Protects base oil by delaying the onset of oxidation caused by high temperatures. This is one of the key ingredients in extending grease life.
Anti-corrosion agents
Provide protection of metal surfaces operating in wet, corrosive conditions. 37
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38. Cone Penetration – NLGI Grading – National Lubricating grease Institute
Cone is set so that it just touches surface of grease. Temp 25ºC
Cone is released and allowed to sink into the grease for 5 secs.
Depth of Penetration measured in 0.1mm 38
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39. Synfood EP 2 Synfood EP 1 Synfood EP 000
HOW IS GREASE THICKNESS MEASURED?
Synfood EP 2
Synfood EP 1
Synfood EP 000
NLGI 6
NLGI 5
NLGI 4
NLGI 3
NLGI 2
NLGI 1
NLGI 0
NLGI 00
NLGI 000

40. Consistency - NLGI
NLGI No. (National Lubricating Grease Institute) No. Penetration Consistency Food Comparison 6 85 – 115 Block grease Cheddar Cheese Extremely stiff grease Smooth Pate Very stiff grease Frozen Yogurt Stiff grease Lard Standard grease (85% of grease market) Peanut Butter Soft grease (for centralised lube systems) Tomato Paste Very soft grease ( “ “ “ ) Mustard Semi fluid grease Apple Sauce Fluid ‘slumping’ grease Cooking oil
Cone released onto a flattened surface of a worked sample of grease, left for 5 seconds, depth of penetration measured in 0.1mm * 40
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41. Penetration - Grease Worker
To establish “Worked Penetration”, the grease is subjected to 60 strokes in a grease worker, where the grease is forced backwards and forwards through a perforated disc. 41
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42. Shell 4 Ball 42
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43. Selection of the correct lubricant is key
No lubricant satisfies all working conditions
68% of bearings fail prematurely
Half of this due to incorrect lubrication
Causes:
Initial over-lubrication
Over-lubrication at frequent lube intervals
Infrequent lubrication
Mixing greases of different types
Incorrect lubricant 43
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44. Over-lubrication
Recommended lubrication 60%
Over-Lubrication
So often grease is applied until it is seen to extrude through the bearing housing. 44
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45. Selection of the correct lubricant is key
Why the wrong lubricant?
Misjudgment of operating conditions:
Temperature
Water
Speed
Dust
Load
Chemicals
Bearing Type
Method of application
Wrong recommendation by supplier 45
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46. Selection of the correct lubricant is key
Recommending an equivalent or alternative:
How often does the lubricant supplier ask about the application and working conditions?
How sure is the lubricant supplier that the product put forward is the best one for the job? Never match a current grease always Specifiy what “YOU” determine is best for the application ! 46
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47. Non – Grease Compounds ANTI SEIZES-SOFT METALS
Soft metals can be used as anti-seize materials
(e.g. Anti-Seize 1100 ) at extreme temperatures. (i.e. over 600°C) Sacrificial layer of soft metal allows release from seizure.
Nickel & Lead are toxic
Copper is an environmental hazard
Aluminium is not as effective at high temperatures.
They are NOT greases and should not be used for bearing lubrication
Used for bolts, threaded fittings, slides, sleeves etc. Protection against seizure of threads caused by high temperature or corrosive conditions, dismantled parts can be re-used *

48. Other Products DRY FILM COATINGS
Dry film lubricants are used in many areas as a thin film of a low friction ‘paint’ or coating to provide lubrication and corrosion protection:
SOLVENT / WATER DISPERSIONS – solid particles of lubricant held in a carrier solution or dispersion – Mako-Cote Range
BONDED COATINGS –They contain solvent, resin (to bond to the surface) & lubricant. The dried film is resin + lubricant:- a compromise. Dry Moly & PTFE Sprays *

49. Conclusion :- Oils & Greases are Blends!
Performance is defined by base fluid properties & additives packages etc
SLA’s Reduce friction & improve performance
Oils & Greases come in many different forms, Fluid, Semi-Fluid, Compounds, Greases, Water-Based, Aerosols, Trigger Sprays, Solvent Based, Resins etc

50. Thank you for your time! Any questions?
Mako-Lube Ltd
Units 2&3 Mayfield Industrial Estate
Liverpool Road
Irlam
Manchester M44 6GD
+44(0)