1. Poland

4. 1918 – German part: strong Polish nationalism – anti- semitism – Austrian part: Poles had strong autonomy – Russian part: part industiralized, Galicia backwards Multinationalism: 21 mio – 1/3 non Poles Democracy: Sejm – Jozef Pilsudski – 1926-35 authoritarian regime 1935 – influence of Nazism

5. Demography Jews: 1/3 of urban population Lower middle class, proletariat

6. The Jewish Question in the New Poland Zionists negotiate to obtain Jewish national autonomy Treaty on Minorities – deep ressentment among Poles No Jewish autonomy despite the Treaty 1918-20 pogroms tolerated by the army Limited civil rights for Jews of Congress Poland untill 1931

7. Zionists „The main thing is to take Jews to Palestine, not to spend valuable time and money on election campaigns.“ Palestine : new Jewish workers society

8. 4th aliyah 1924-26 Over 30 thousand Jews – for the 1st time more Polish Jews to Palestine than to America 1926 – economy crisis in Palestine

9. Violent anti-semitism in the 1930´s 1934 – German-Polish non agression pact  increase of Nazi influence 1935 – antidemocratic constitution 1936 – economic discrimination – Government supports Jewish emigration Madagascar

10. Violent anti-semitism in the 1930´s 1935-36 – Interdiction of the Jewish ritual slaughter – „ghetto benches“, student murders 1937 „Aryan paragraph“ – Jews can´t make part of doctors or journalists associations Economic boycott Regular pogroms Greater poverty

11. WWII – September 1 1939 started by a German attack of Poland – Soviet army immedietaly occupied the former Russian part, Germany took the Western Poland including Lodz and Upper Silesia; since 1941 Germany took the Soviet part – Polish intellectual elite murdered – Mass murders of Polish people in the countryside – 6 200 000 Polish victims – Second largest Jewish community in Europe – 2 700 000 Polish Jewish victims (3 million Polish Jews before WWII) – 6 extermination camps – 3,5 milion Jews murdered here Auschwitz since 1941 Belzec, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Majdanek, Lublin since 1942

12. Warszaw Ghetto Uprising Largest ghetto in Poland since 1940 – to concentrate Jews before the deportation to the extermination camps; labour 1943 Largest act of the Jewish resistance First mass uprising in Nazi occupied Europe Inhabitants that were not murdered at the place sent to Treblinka 60 000 Jews !!! Holy Week, 1990´s film adaptation of Jerzy Andrzejewski´s book by Andrzej Wajda Roman Polanski, The Pianist, 2002 – http://youtu.be/itR0-I9idXk http://youtu.be/itR0-I9idXk – http://youtu.be/kkvDWm9t9D M http://youtu.be/kkvDWm9t9D M – Wladyslaw Szpilman http://youtu.be/_vb9c1NxGdg http://youtu.be/ZOwP6k8fp0M