1. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
Chapter 2
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

2. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
Key Ideas
Definition of quantitative and qualitative Research
Development of quantitative research
Development of qualitative research
Differences between quantitative and qualitative in the process of research
Design procedures within your approach
Use of quantitative or qualitative approach
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

3. Definitions of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
A type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study, asks specific, narrow questions, collects numeric (numbered) data from participants, analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.
Qualitative Research
A type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects data consisting largely of words (or text) from participants, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

4. The Development of Quantitative Research: Historical Trends
Statistical Procedures
Test and Measurement Practices
Research Designs
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

5. Historical Trends: Quantitative Statistical Procedures
Correlational procedures
Comparing groups
Cause/Effect relationships
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

6. Historical Trends: Quantitative Testing and Measurement
Testing mental abilities (late 19th century)
Measuring achievement (e.g. SAT)
Predicting achievement from standardized measurements
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

7. Historical Trends: Quantitative Research Designs
Educational Surveys (late 19th century)
Simple Experiments (early 20th century)
Multiple groups and tests (by 1935)
Longitudinal designs
Books on research design (e.g. Kerlinger 1964)
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

8. The Development of Qualitative Research: Major Themes
Philosophical Ideas
Procedural Developments
Advocacy Practices
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

9. Historical Trends: Qualitative Philosophical Ideas
Naturalistic Inquiry or Constructivism
consider the participant’s point of view
describe participant’s view within a setting or context
This is an alternative perspective to traditional research
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

10. Historical Trends: Qualitative Procedural Developments
Central Phenomenon rather than research question or hypothesis
Methods such as interviews, observations and interviews
Designs such as case studies, grounded theory and narrative
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

11. Historical Trends: Qualitative Advocacy Practices
The qualitative researcher is not objective, politically neutral observer
The qualitative researcher is an observer of the human condition
The meaning of the research is plural, political and open
The project is collaborative and participatory
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

12. Reviewing the Literature
Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in the Process of Research
Quantitative Characteristics
Steps in the Research Process
Qualitative Characteristics
Exploratory/
Understanding
a Central Phenomena
Descriptive/Explanatory
Identifying a Problem
Major Role
Justify Problem
Reviewing the Literature
Minor Role
Justify Problem
Specific and Narrow
Measurable/Observable
Specifying a Purpose
General and Broad
Participants’ Experience
Pre-determined
Instruments
Numeric Data
Large numbers
General, emerging form
Text or image data
Small Number
Collecting Data
Analyze and
Interpret Data
Text Analysis
Description and Themes
Larger Meanings of Findings
Statistical
Description of Trends
Comparisons/Predictions
Flexible and Emerging
Reflexive and Biased
Standard and Fixed
Objective and Unbiased
Report and Evaluate
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

13. Ways in Which Quantitative and Qualitative Research are Similar
They both follow the steps in the process of research
Format for reporting the research problem is the same
Both have data collection steps
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

14. Reviewing the Literature Analyze and Interpret Data
How Procedures or Research Designs Relate to Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Steps in the Process of Research
Steps in the Research Process
Two Approaches
Research Designs
Quantitative
Qualitative
Identifying a Problem
Quantitative
Qualitative
Reviewing the Literature
Experimental
Correlational
Survey
Quantitative
Qualitative
Specifying a Purpose
Quantitative
Qualitative
Collecting Data
Mixed
Action
Quantitative
Qualitative
Analyze and Interpret Data
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Narrative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Report and Evaluate
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

15. Quantitative Designs and Uses
Experimental
Research
Correlational
Survey
Explaining whether an
intervention influences
an outcome for one
group as opposed to
another group
Associating or
relating variables
in a predictable
pattern for one
group of individuals
Describing trends for
the population of
people
Intervention
Non-Intervention
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

16. Qualitative Designs and Uses
Ethnographic
Research
Grounded Theory
Narrative
Exploring the shared
culture of a people
group
Exploring common
experiences of
individuals to
develop a theory
Exploring individual
stories to describe
the lives of people
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

17. Combined Designs and Uses
Mixed Methods
Research
Action
Combining quantitative and
qualitative data to best
understand and explain a
research problem.
Using quantitative and qualitative data for individuals to study problems that they face in their setting
Educational Research 2e: Creswell

18. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
How Do You Choose Whether to Use the Quantitative or Qualitative Approach?
Match the approach to the problem
Fit the approach to your audience
Relate the approach to your experiences
Educational Research 2e: Creswell