1. Cold War -- Eisenhower Years
T.S. – Explicitly assess information and draw conclusions
Objective- to
understand how
The Cold War
shaped foreign
policy throughout
the 1950s

2. Cold War under Eisenhower
Brinkmanship: taking the country to the brink of war to avoid war (Sect. of State Dulles)
Massive Retaliation: a US nuclear arsenal may be a cheaper alternative to large-scale conventional forces
Soviet Aggression: met with nuclear threat

3. Eisenhower Foreign Policy: Containment
Korea Truce in 1953
Hungary (1956)
Suez Crisis (1956)
Eisenhower Doctrine (aid to M. East)
-the US would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism—usually meant using the CIA

4. Eisenhower Foreign Policy: Containment
CIA Covert Operations:
Iran (1953)
Guatemala (1954)
Vietnam (1954) US provides $ to S. Vietnam, installs Diem
U2 spy plane incident (1960)
cancels summit on nuclear test bans

5. Guatemala A dictator came to power on a platform to reduce poverty
Wanted to redistribute land
American Fruit company, US firm, is the largest landholder
CIA trained mercenaries and US fighter planes toppled the government
Land is redistributed, but a military dictatorship took over
1954– CIA helped overthrow the new leader
Our involvement there – economic, and to protect from perceived communism

6. Latin America Guatemala (1954) Cuba (1959)
The ragtag rebel army  funded by the CIA.
CIA
Castro Speaking to supporters

7. Korea Truman = limited war
During Eisenhower, the domino theory takes root—if one country fell to communism, the rest would fall like dominoes (VN)
IKE personally went to make sure 38th parallel was maintained by troops

8. Asia Domino Theory Korea Truce (1953) Vietnam (1954) SEATO
SEATO in Blue
Diem
Armistice Signed in Korea

9. Hungary - 1956 People in Poland, Czech, and Hungary resented USSR rule
Hungarians revolted, Khrushchev responded with force
Hungary tried to withdraw from the Warsaw pact
Ike opted NOT to support the rebels for fear of starting WWIII
Because of this and the U2 spy plane incident, Ike withdrew from the Test Ban Treaty Summit

10. Europe
Hungary 1956
U2 spy plane incident (1960)—set back talks between Khrushchev and IKE
Hungarian revolution
Francis Gary Powers
Spy Plane

11. U2 Incident
The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on 1 May 1960, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and during the leadership of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over the airspace of the Soviet Union.
The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its intact remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers, as well as photos of military bases in Russia taken by Powers. Coming roughly two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit in Paris, the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union.

12. Suez Canal
Nasser (Egypt) – tried to use the US/USSR rivalry to his advantage
US/GB initially offered to fund a dam on the Nile
It’s nationalized = placed under gov’t control
IKE refuses to support Brit and French (who had joined forces with Israel)
Significance – first time oil as a resource is used as a bargaining tool for diplomacy

13. Iran -
Brings the first involvement of the CIA in the overthrow of a foreign government
US wanted to replace a Marxist leader
We install Shah Rezi Pahlavi
He will remain in power there until 1979

14. Middle East Iran (1953) Suez Crisis (1956) Eisenhower Doctrine
Suez Canal
Middle East
Iran (1953)
Suez Crisis (1956)
Eisenhower Doctrine
Lebanon (1958)
Shah Pahlavi
Eisenhower sends troops and aid to Lebanon.

15. Cold War competition = Progress Through Science
First IBM Mainframe Computer
Hydrogen Bomb Test
DNA Structure Discovered
Salk Vaccine Tested for Polio
First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant
NASA Created
Press Conference of the First American Astronauts 15

16. Progress Through Science 1957  Russians launch SPUTNIK I
1958  National Defense Education Act 16

17. R.I.P. Laika

18. UFO Sightings skyrocketed in the 1950s.
Progress Through Science
UFO Sightings skyrocketed in the 1950s.
War of the Worlds
Hollywood used aliens as a metaphor for whom ?? 18

19. Progress Through Science
Atomic Anxieties:
“Duck-and-Cover Generation”
Atomic Testing:
 U. S. exploded nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada. 19

20. The 50s Come to a Close 1959  Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate”
Cold War -----> Tensions
<----- Technology & Affluence 20

21. Cold War competitive energies
Space race/technologies
reflected in the rise of science fiction
Kitchen debates—Nixon and Khrushchev

22. http://www. youtube. com/watch
(1:30 minutes in for tv remark)

25. Eisenhower Legacy
Eisenhower warns of the growing power of the “military-industrial Complex”:
connection of the Armed Forces and Defense Industries