1. Organic Chemistry The Chemistry Of Life / The Chemistry of Carbon A. Historical Perspective 1. Vitalism: The belief that “life forces” outside of physical laws govern the interaction of chemicals in living things “Only living things can make organic compounds” “Only living things can make organic compounds” 2. Mechanism: The belief that chemical interactions 2. Mechanism: The belief that chemical interactions can be explained by physical laws can be explained by physical laws “Any organic compound can be made in a test tube” “Any organic compound can be made in a test tube” Urea CD

2. Properties of Carbon “Carbon is the tinker toy of life” Property of Carbon Biological Implication 1. Tetra valenceTetra valence1.Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds for many “links” 2. Bond to itselfBond to itself2.Carbon can form long chains or rings to form large molecules 3.Can form double and triple bondsCan form double and triple bonds 3.Different bond types will change the reactivity of the molecule 4.Weak yet strong bonds4.Weak enough to metabolize and recycle but strong enough for stability 5. “Infinite” arrangements Structural vs. Molecular formulas C 4 H 10 5.Can form isomers a) structuralstructural b) geometricgeometric c) enantiomersenantiomers CD Activity

3. Functional Groups: Molecules that give Carbon Compounds Distinct Characteristics

4. Personality: 1. Very Polar 2. OH groups on non-polar compounds allow the non-polar compounds to become soluble in water

5. Personality: 1. Aldehyde : Polar, Found at the end of the molecule. Many are metabolic intermediates 2. Ketone: Non-Polar, Found in the Middle of the molecules

6. Personality: 1. Polar 2. The “acid” part of an amino acid 3. Weak acid and can act as a buffer

7. Personality: 1. Forms the Amine end of an amino acid 2. Polar 3. Tends to act like a base

8. Personality: 1. Polar 2. Will form strong “di-sulfide bonds” (S-S) with other thiols 3. Will greatly influence shape of proteins

9. Personality: 1. Very Polar 2. Important as: a) Energy transport (ATP), Destabilizes molecules b) Emulsifiers / Cell Membranes c) Structure of DNA CD Activity 1CD Activity 2

10. ButaneIsobutane Slide 1

11. The Tetra Valence of Carbon Slide 1

12. Carbon Can Bond to Itself Slide 1 Increasing LengthIncreasing Branching Allows Ring Structures

13. Carbon can form Double and Triple Bonds Slide 1 Single Bonds Double Bonds

14. Slide 1

16. CD Activity Slide 1