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2007 Paul VanRaden Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA 2007 Selection.

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Presentation on theme: "2007 Paul VanRaden Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA 2007 Selection."— Presentation transcript:

1 2007 Paul VanRaden Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA paul@aipl.arsusda.gov 2007 Selection for Fertility in Dairy Cattle

2 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (2) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Factors Affecting Fertility  Environment and management Season, region, herd, age, milk yield Calving difficulty, twins, mastitis, health Estrus detection and / or synchronization Voluntary waiting period  Genes of cow (Daughter Pregnancy Rate)  Fertility of bull (ERCR)  Interaction of bull’s and cow’s genes

3 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (3) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Genetic Interactions  Lethal recessive genes CVM aborts pregnancy 30-280 days DUMPS aborts embryo at ~45 days New defect causes loss at ~5 days  Inbreeding reduces fertility  Crossbreeding improves fertility 1.8% increase in pregnancy rate

4 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (4) P.M. VanRaden 2007 USA Bull Fertility Evaluation  Measure of current semen fertility  Based on 1.6 million inseminations in last 3 years  Estimated Relative Conception Rate (ERCR) ranges +5% to –6%

5 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (5) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Bull Fertility Research Kuhn, 2006  Moved evaluation to USDA from DRMS in Raleigh, NC in 2006  Data from eastern half of United States  Planning to use all services and pregnancy exams  Bull fertility is not correlated to daughter fertility (heifers or cows)

6 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (6) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Why Does Fertility Differ?  Male fertility includes Ability of sperm to fertilize egg Bull’s environmental conditions  Female fertility includes Ability to cycle and show estrus Ability of egg to conceive Maternal support of embryo Milk production stress (cows only)

7 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (7) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Heifer Fertility Research Kuhn et al, 2006 J Dairy Sci 89:4907  Insemination records for 537,938 heifers in years 2003-2005  Average conception rate = 57%  Heritability =.5% (linear model), 1% (logistic model)  Genetic correlation =.39 with cow conception rate, -.19 with milk yield

8 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (8) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Heifer Fertility is Good Paul VanRaden, 1995

9 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (9) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Problem: Cows Conceive Later USA Holsteins 1965-2000 5 th 4 th 3 rd 2 nd 1 st Lactation

10 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (10) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Pregnancy Rate  The percentage of nonpregnant cows that become pregnant during each 21- day time period  Pregnancy rate < conception rate Cows that are not cycling Estrus not expressed or detected  Typical pregnancy rates 20% if calving interval is 14.3 months 25% if calving interval is 13.6 months

11 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (11) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Pregnancy Rate and Days Open 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 6081102123144165186207228249 Number of Chances Pregnancy Rate 987654321 Days Open

12 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (12) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Breeding date:BSWHOL Verified by next calving date 5457 Disagrees with calving date 8 5 Breeding date but no next calf 1519 No breeding reported, only next calf 9 6 Cow sold for infertility 5 5 No information for fertility 9 8 Sources of Fertility Data Percentages from 1998-1999 records

13 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (13) P.M. VanRaden 2007 ≤ 50 ≥ 250 Distribution of Days to Conceive Holstein Calvings 1990 - 2001 Cows culled for reproductive reasons

14 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (14) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Seasonal Effects on Fertility Holsteins calving since 1997 in each USA region

15 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (15) P.M. VanRaden 2007 USA Cow Fertility Evaluation  Holstein data in evaluation 44 million lactation records since 1960 17 million cows Lactations 1-5 are included  Reliability for recently proven bulls 59% REL for Daughter Pregnancy Rate 61% REL for Productive Life 69% REL for Somatic Cell Score 85% REL for Milk Yield

16 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (16) P.M. VanRaden 2007 USA Evaluation Methods  Animal model, introduced in 2003 Use same programs as other USDA traits Compare cows within herd, season, and age Convert to pregnancy rate (4 more days to conceive = 1% lower pregnancy rate)  Fertility parameter estimates used: Heritability = 4% Repeatability = 11% Sire-by-herd interaction = 4%

17 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (17) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Recent USA Changes November 2003 and November 2004  Earlier evaluation of cow fertility Records in progress used at 130 instead of 250 days in milk Pregnancy exams used in prediction 6% gain in reliability of DPR for new bulls  Fertility used to predict longevity 4% gain in REL of PL for recent bulls

18 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (18) P.M. VanRaden 2007 All-Breed Animal Model  Combined analysis of all breeds  Data from crossbreds included  Genetic differences among breeds are estimated  Planning to implement in May 2007

19 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (19) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Genetic Trends for Each Breed Daughter Pregnancy Rate, 1960-2000 +1.8% Heterosis

20 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (20) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Correlation of Yield and Fertility r = -.35

21 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (21) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Coefficients of Variation (CV) Standard deviation divided by mean Trait Herit- ability CV (%) Pheno- typic Genetic Stature.42 3 2 Protein yield.30137 Longevity.085416 Fertility.046513

22 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (22) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Value of Cow Fertility  Fertility expenses per day open Heat detection ($20 / lact .005)= $.10 Semen ($15 / unit + $5 labor) *.025= $.50 Pregnancy exam ($10 / exam)*.012= $.12 Lactations too long or short= $.75  Value of DPR as % of total economic value 9% in Lifetime Net Merit 5% in TPI, also -2% for dairy form in TPI

23 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (23) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Cow Fertility Trait Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations Trait Days Conc. Days 1st Cow CR Heifer CR Days to Conceive.04.85-.21 Days to 1 st Service.07.24 Cow Conc. Rate.01.39 Heifer Conc. Rate.005 Heritabilities on diagonal

24 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (24) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Interbull  Provides international evaluations using data from 26 countries Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, S. Africa, Israel, Japan No South American countries yet  Office located in Sweden  Many traits are evaluated

25 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (25) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Countries with Most Holsteins and Interbull abbreviations CountryName USAUnited States DEUGermany FRAFrance NZLNew Zealand NLDNetherlands CANCanada GBRGreat Britain (U. Kingdom)

26 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (26) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Fertility Traits and Emphasis In Largest Holstein Populations Trait CountryUSADEUFRANZLNLDCANGBR Emphasis (%)911371057 Days to Conceive Yes Days to first AI Yes Conception rate Yes Heifer conception Yes

27 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (27) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Fertility Trait Indexes % of fertility emphasis TraitNLDITAESPCANDNK 1 USA 2 Days to 1 st service 545652251569 Conception Rate 464448657031 Heifer fertility 1015 1 Time from first to last insemination replaces non−return rate 2 Countries that evaluate days to conception or calving interval

28 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (28) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Countries with Days to Conception and Interbull abbreviations CountryName BELBelgium DFSDenmark-Finland-Sweden ESPSpain GBRGreat Britain (U. Kingdom) IRLIreland ITAItaly NLDNetherlands USAUnited States

29 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (29) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Fertility Genetic Correlations Interbull test run, Sept. 2006 BELDFSESPGBRIRLITANLDUSA BEL.85.94.89.86.78.86.88 DFS.85.84.89.73.86.91.85 ESP.94.84.88.81.87.86.93 GBR.89.88.82.85.86.82 IRL.86.73.81.82.76.75.72 ITA.78.86.87.85.76.84.86 NLD.86.91.86.75.84.83 USA.88.85.93.82.72.86.83

30 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (30) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Correlation of NLD and USA Fertility r =.91

31 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (31) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Genetic Correlations of Traits Mark, 2003 EAAP meeting Trait Coun- tries Average corr. Protein27.87 Stature21.89 Fore Udder21.75 Somatic Cell Score20.85 Longevity14.59 Direct Calving Ease10.83 Maternal Calving Ease10.58

32 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (32) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Reporting of Daughter Fertility National evaluation scales ScaleMeanSDScaleMeanSD BEL04GBR03 CAN663ISR02.5 CZE03IRL02.5 DEU10012ITA1005 DFS10010NLD1004 ESP10010NZL-84 FRA01USA01.4

33 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (33) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Days to Conception Correlations with other traits Milk Dairy FormSCS Long- evity DNK.31.18-.34 ESP.38.36.16-.38 GBR.36.40.13-.30 IRL.40-.49 NLD.52.43.13-.06 USA.21.31.12-.48

34 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (34) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Skewness

35 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (35) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Skewness of Fertility Evaluations within each country  Heifer conception rate Range -.23 to.11  Days to first insemination Range.09 to.33  Cow conception rate Range -.20 to.10  Calving interval, days open, or DPR Range.04 to.35, skewness in USA =.04

36 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (36) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Skewness of Fertility  Fertility trait data often have unusual distributions  Genetic evaluations are close to normally distributed  Standard linear models work well for large data sets

37 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (37) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Effects of Synchronization  Days to first insemination has less variation if herds synchronize heat  Sire rank for days to conception is similar in herds with heat detection or synchronization (Goodling et al, 2005 JDS)  DPR is adjusted for differences in herd variation

38 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (38) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Are Fertility Proofs Stable?  Bulls have about 100 daughters in first crop  Bulls later have thousands of daughters in second crop  How accurate are predictions?  Examined Select Sires bulls

39 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (39) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Top DPR Proof Stability Select Sires bulls born 1995-96, high reliability in 2006 Bull200320042006 Mozer+.5+.8+.6 Geno+.3+.6+.5 Beach+.2+1.6+1.4 Brass+.2-.3-.9 Alloy+.0-.1+1.2 Reliability 67%82%96% DPR adjusted to 2005 base

40 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (40) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Bottom DPR Proof Stability Select Sires bulls born 1995-96, high reliability in 2006 Bull200320042006 Hi Metro-3.4-3.0-2.8 Hillcrest-2.6-2.1-3.1 Louie-2.4-1.9-1.6 Calvin-2.2-1.9-1.8 Sovereign-Red-2.0-1.6 Reliability 67%82%96% DPR adjusted to 2005 base

41 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (41) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Daughter Fertility of Active Bulls  +1.8% DPR average for top 10%  –2.1% DPR average, bottom 10%  Difference = 16 days to conception  Reliability for bulls averages 63%

42 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (42) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Daughter Fertility of Famous Bulls November 2006 USA scale Coun- tries DaughtersDPR TotalUSARELPTA Die-Hard1125,25615,16099%2.7 Duster832,39927,60299%2.2 Manfred1519,2928,01199%2.0 Morty1320,4814,17797%-2.5 Demand1438,38817,97299%-2.2 Emerson1850,81131,24599%-2.2

43 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (43) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Conclusions  Bulls with good fertility and daughter fertility are available  Cow fertility traits receive 1% to 13% of total selection in many countries  Select for fertility using an index  Fertility traits have lower heritability but more variation than yield and type  Management and genetics affect fertility

44 Uberlandia, Brazil 2007 (44) P.M. VanRaden 2007 Questions?

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