1. Facial Recognition

2. 1. takes a picture of a person 2. runs that image through the database 3. finds a match and identifies the person Humans have always had the innate ability to recognize and distinguish between faces, yet computers only recently have shown the same ability.

3. Origin of Facial Recognition Software ► 1960s - scientists began work on using the computer to recognize human faces computer Forty Years Later: In 2001 the Tampa Police Department installed police cameras equipped with facial recognition technology but it was scrapped in 2003 due to its ineffectiveness

4. Example of facial recognition photos

5. Facial recognition software must: ► Differentiate between the face and the background ► Measure the different features of the face to determine its unique in digital form ► Determine a match in a database

6. What makes one face different from another face? ► distinguishable landmarks called nodal points - the different peaks and valleys that make up facial features ► each human face has approximately 80 nodal points

7. How does the software analyze a face? Step 1: ► The software determines: ► Distance between the eyes ► Width of the nose ► Depth of the eye sockets ► The shape of the cheekbones ► The length of the jaw line

8. How does the software analyze a face? Step 2: ► Result = a numerical code, called a faceprint ► The unique faceprint gets saved in the database ► The software compares a 2D image to a 2D image in the database for a match.

9. Issues Basic Problem: ► Images not taken in a controlled environment resulted in a high failure to find a match in the database. Match failures were caused by variations in: ► light reflections on the face ► facial expressions ► facial angles to the camera ► aging – time intervals between photos

10. Solutions ► 3D facial recognition uses distinctive features of the face -- where rigid tissue and bone is most apparent, such as the curves of the eye socket, nose and chin -- to identify the subject. ► These areas are all unique and don't change over time.

11. Equipment ► The Vision 3D + 2D ICAO camera is used to perform enrollment, verification and identification of 3D and 2D face images.

12. Steps for Consistency ► Alignment – the system determines the head's position, size and pose Measurement of facial curves on a sub-millimeter (or microwave) scale and creates a template. ► Measurement - the system then measures the curves of the face on a sub-millimeter (or microwave) scale and creates a template.

14. Primary Uses of this Technology ► Law Enforcement ► Other potential applications include ATM and check- cashing security.

15. ETHICAL ISSUES ► Invasion of Privacy – having a picture taken without knowing

16. Pros/Cons Advantages ► harder to circumvent ► easy to use ► no remembering passwords or forgetting id badge Disadvantages ► error rates are high