1. UNIX By Darcy Tatlock

2. 1. Successful Log Into Unix To actively manipulate your website you need to be logged in. Without being logged in you cannot enter commands to find out useful information such as the last time the account has been accessed or change directory permissions.

3. 2. List of Folders in the Root Directory Using the list command allows you to see what is located in your root directory, this list shows all of the files and documents you have access to. COMMAND: ls

4. 3. Moving into Another Directory COMMAND: cd filename The changing directories command allows you to move into another directory, one that is listed in your root directory. Without this command direct access to files stored in other directories would be impossible to access.

5. 4. Moving Back to the Root Directory COMMAND: cd.. This command is the back button of the Unix operating system. It allows you to navigate through your directories. In this case since we are only one directory away from the root directory, this is the directory we will return to.

6. 5. Making a New Directory COMMAND: mkdir newname To make a new directory, in this case from the root directory, you type the make a directory command followed by the new title of the new directory. In this example I use the title muffin. This can allow you to group similar files together, making them easier to find.

7. 6. Moving Into the New Directory COMMAND: cd directoryname Just like you used the change directory command to move into a previously existing directory. We use it again with the new directory name to move into the newly created directory. This command makes navigation easy.

8. 7. Displaying the Last 10 Commands COMMAND: history The history command gives you the list of the last 10 commands you have entered. I find this useful if I have forgotten which directory I am in or what I have recently done.

9. 8. What’s the Current Date? COMMAND: date The date command allows you to see a time stamp of the date and time you are working on entering commands into Unix. Keep this information in mind to keep track of the usage of your profile.

10. 9. How Many Other Users Are Logged In? COMMAND: who The who command allows you to see who else is logged into the server. This is beneficial when you need to work with a group, to see who is logged in to continue working.

11. 10. What is the Calendar’s Current Month? COMMAND: cal The calendar command allows you to see a calendar of the current month and year. Though not the most necessary command, it can come in handy for a quick view of the date, especially when you need to double check the due date of an assignment without leaving Unix.

12. 11. Let’s Delete the Muffin Directory! COMMAND: rmdir title If you no longer need a directory, due to it being empty or it is no longer needed, use the remove directory command to keep your profile tidy and organized.

13. 12. A List of Files in the Root Directory (with assigned directory permissions) COMMAND: ls -l The list of details of files command allows you to see what permission you, the user, your group, and others have while interacting with the files. This is beneficial because you can make sure unauthorized people don’t have the permission to edit your files.

14. 13. So What Exactly Do d r w x and – Mean and How Do You Change It? The first character in of the line can either be d or -. The d means it is a directory and the - means it is a file. The second, third, and fourth characters are the permissions of the user (u). The fifth, sixth, and seventh characters are the permissions for the group (g). The eighth, ninth, and tenth characters are the permissions for all others (o). To understand what permissions each individual has you need to know that r means read, w means write, and x means execute. To be able to read the file you need to have a r permission. To be able to write the file you need to have a w permission. To be able to execute or run a file you need to have a x permission. Make sure you don’t take away any of these permissions for the user or you will not be able to work with your directory. EXAMPLE: drwxr-xr-x This directory allows you, the user, to read, write, and execute, the group can read, not write, and can execute, and others can also read, not write, and can execute.

15. 14. Search for a Specific Word Within a File. COMMAND: grep term filename In order to find a word located in a file you want to use the grep command. This helps you find certain times a term is mentioned in a specific file making it easy to identify patterns.

16. 15. Change Directory Command to Previous Directory COMMAND: cd - Though this is a simple command I find it very useful by making it very easy to move back to the previous directory you were in. This means if you are in a directory several steps away from the root directory and jump directly to the root you can easily move back to the previous directory without going step by step.

17. 16. Print Working Directory COMMAND: pwd The print working directory command tells you where you are in the directory structure. This is useful to use if you have many directories and cannot remember which one you may be in at the moment.

18. 17. The Manual Command COMMAND: man command The manual command allows you to look up how another command is used. This is useful if you know a command but want to check it’s function before you use it. If the next command line doesn’t show after the manual use the space bar to end the manual and continue using commands.

19. 18. Exit COMMAND: exit To keep your server and files secure, don’t forget to sign-out of Unix with this simple exit command.