1. By Reid Janssen And Ryan Miller

2. Forces within Bonding Intramolecular and Intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces are attraction between neighboring molecules intramolecular forces are attraction within molecules chemical bonds. Dipole-Dipole attraction Attraction between molecules that are dipoles. Van der waals forces Are weak intermolecular attraction that exist but one molecule and another whether polar or non-polar. The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. It’s a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles

3. Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding is the bond between two non-metals. Such a bond exists when two or more non-metals come together and share electrons to satisfy the octet rule, which states that each atom must have a total of 8 electrons on it’s valence shell. The electrons within covalent bonds are shared, neither atom gives or takes the others electron. There are two branches of covalent bonding, non-polar and polar. In covalent polar bonds the atoms within the bond are all sharing the electrons unequally. Ex: HCl In covalent non polar bonds the electrons are shared equally, this only consists within the atoms of the same element. Ex: F₂

4. Drawing Covalent Bonds To draw covalent bonds, we use the electron dot diagram. Ex: HCl F2 HCl FF Covalent polar bondCovalent non-polar

5. Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding is the bond between a metal and a non-metal. Non-metals are usually negative and metals are usually positive, when one negative non-metal and a positive metal join together they form a ionic compound. In an Ionic bond the metal (unless its an ion) will always give up its electrons to the non-metal in order to satisfy the octet rule. Ions are formed when neutral atoms either gives up or gains a valence electron. The loss of electrons from a metal atom makes a positive ion. The gain of electrons by a non-metal give a negative ion. If a metal such as sodium losses two electrons it will act as a non- metal in the halogen family.

6. Drawing Ionic Bonding Electron dot diagrams Na + Cl = Na+ - Cl Ionic bond S2eS+ - 2- [] Sulfur Ion

7. Hydrogen Bonding The strong intermolecular attraction between the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to an atom of a highly electronegative element such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine (all halogens). A common example of this is H₂O (water)