1. Low Impact Development Training Module 11: Maintenance Practices Dennis Chestnut

2. Sponsors 2 District Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration The Low Impact Development Center, Inc. University of the District of Columbia Funding for this project was provided through a grant from the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation

3. Contributors 3 The Low Impact Development Center, Inc. John Shorb Landscaping, Inc. Logo Groundwork Anacostia River, D.C.

4. Copyright 4 Unless otherwise noted, Low Impact Development Training, funded by DDOT & DDOE, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Content provided by cited entities remains the property of those entities and may not be used without their explicit permission.

5. Outline Routine maintenance of bioretention cells Minor repairs to bioretention cells Maintenance of rain barrels and cisterns Maintenance of small permeable paver installations 5

6. Expected Outcomes Know how to perform routine maintenance of bioretention cells, as well as minor repairs Be able to perform basic maintenance of rain barrels and permeable pavers 6

7. Primary maintenance requirement - regular inspection and repair / replacement of damaged components Can be incorporated into regular landscaping maintenance contract, as there is significant overlap in the tools and skills required to maintain bioretention cells and other landscaped areas. Maintenance – Bioretention Bioretention maintenance Graphic Courtesy of the Low Impact Development Center, Inc.

8. Training Maintenance techniques are similar to other landscaped areas, but with additional procedures to maintain stormwater function Proper training is important for maintenance of bioretention cells Learn to spot, prevent, and correct maintenance issues that can compromise bioretention performance 8

9. Facility Assessments Module 7 of this course presented a detailed methodology for assessing bioretention performance and maintenance needs The Guidebook contains a maintenance inspection checklist Bioretention in the right-of-way must follow DDOT’s bioretention maintenance schedule, presented in Module 9 of this course 9

10. Preventive maintenance Procedures carried out according to a maintenance schedule, in order to avoid loss of bioretention function –Examples: Irrigation Pruning Mulch replacement 10

11. Corrective maintenance Actions taken in response to a problem that develops within the bioretention cell Examples: –Replacing stone that has washed away –Removing accumulated sediment –Repairing erosion –Replacing dead plants 11

12. Upon Establishment After storms –Inspect the bioretention cell and its drainage area after storm events with more than ½ inch of rainfall. Inspect at least twice in the first six months of operation. Conduct any needed repairs or stabilization. 12

13. Upon establishment In the drainage area: –Watch for bare or eroding areas, and stabilize immediately 13

14. Drainage System Maintenance Clear debris, sediment, and blockages from inflow and outflow points Check inflow points for stone placement. If stone has moved or been washed away, it should be replaced If bioretention cell has standing water for more than 2 days after a storm, underdrains may need to be flushed 14

15. Removing Sediment 15 Photo Courtesy of the Low Impact Development Center, Inc.

16. Removing sediment Sediment should be removed manually, using a shovel, or vacuumed from large rocks in velocity dissipators Place sediment in buckets or wheelbarrows Rake the mulch surface to break up remaining sediment 16

17. Sediment Disposal Sediment should be removed from the site and disposed of appropriately Dispose of sediment along with other solid waste Sediment should not be disposed of as yard waste Sediment captured in bioretention cells is highly polluted - do not dump sediment into natural areas! 17

18. Replacing stone Large storm events may wash stone from velocity dissipators and weirs, leaving these areas vulnerable to erosion Stone should be replaced when depleted Follow as-built stone specification for size and placement 18

19. Calculating stone replacement volume Ideally, the volume of stone required to rebuild the structure will be shown on the as-built plans Where this volume is not given, it can be determined by measuring the dimensions of the structure in the field Use the methods covered in Module 1 to calculate the volume of the stone structure 19

20. Example – replacing velocity dissipator stone at inlet 20 Plans Courtesy of the Low Impact Development Center, Inc.

21. Calculate stone volume For each apron, you will need: Class 0 riprap –Length = 6 feet –Width = 6 feet –Depth = 1 foot –Volume = Length x width x depth –Volume = 6 ft x 6 ft x 1 ft = 36 cubic feet 21

22. Convert cubic feet to cubic yards 22

23. Calculate river rock volume 2” river rock to fill in surface Surface dimensions: –Width = 6 feet –Length = 6 feet Depth: assume a layer 2 rocks deep to ensure there is enough –Depth = 2 x 2 inches = 4 inches = 0.3 feet –Volume = W x L x D = 6 x 6 x 0.3 = 10.8 cu ft 23

24. Convert to cubic yards 24

25. Clearing cleanout pipes and underdrains If underdrains become clogged with sediment, it may be necessary to flush them Two options: –High pressure water hose –Drain snake 25

26. Plant maintenance 26 Photo Courtesy of the Low Impact Development Center, Inc.

27. Plant Identification and Assessments Modules 5.2 and 11 of this course concern learning to identify common bioretention landscaping plants, weeds, and invasive species For installations owned by the District, DDOT has certified arborists on staff, who can assist with identifying trees and other plants, and who can recommend maintenance and/or control methods 27

28. Irrigation best practices Immediately after installation, water plant material for 14 consecutive days (unless sufficient natural rainfall). During extended drought, look for physical signs of stress (unrevived wilting; yellow, spotted or brown leaves; loss of leaves, etc.). Water in the early morning if needed Water deeply and infrequently 28

29. Dealing with diseases and pests Inspect regularly to catch infestations early Use the least toxic method available 29

30. Control of Invasives In general, it’s best to avoid using herbicides in bioretention cells whenever possible Hand-pulling or cutting is preferable May need to be repeated multiple times before seed banks and roots are exhausted 30

31. Use of Herbicides When dealing with large infestations of particularly pernicious invasives, herbicide use may be warranted Spot treatment of specific plants is preferable to spraying Must use only herbicides certified by the EPA as safe for use around water Herbicide applicators must be trained and licensed 31

32. Pruning Recommendations vary from species to species Prune vegetation so that it remains clear of inlets and does not pose a safety hazard or block visibility 32

33. Replacing dead plants Individual dead plants should be replaced with the same cultivar, as indicated by the as-built planting plan Stake, protect, and irrigate new plants during establishment 33

34. What to do if an entire group of plants has died If an entire group of plants has died, the species or cultivar may not be suitable for the location where they were placed In these situations, it may be appropriate to try an alternate species or cultivar Consult DDOE and DDOT bioretention plant lists for candidate species, along with their sunlight and moisture preferences 34

35. Soil and mulch maintenance Repairing erosion and bare areas Replacing mulch 35

36. Repairing erosion Mild erosion at inlet or on the soil bed may be the result of a particularly large storm event, and can be repaired by replacing the soil and mulch that have washed away More severe erosion may indicate the need for inlet stabilization using rock or riprap, or the installation of velocity dissipating structures 36

37. Replacing mulch Uniformly applied approximately 2 inches deep. Do not pile the mulch around trees or other plantings Fresh bark mulch (either standard landscape fine shredded hardwood mulch or hardwood chips). Make sure it is free from weed seeds, soil, roots or any other substance not consisting of bole, branch wood, or bark. Once a year, add a fresh mulch layer. Once every 3 years, remove the old mulch layer before applying the new one.

38. Standing water Bioretention cell should not have standing water more than 2 days after a storm event Prolonged standing water is a health hazard, and indicates a malfunction somewhere in the system 38

39. Potential causes Clogged underdrain Accumulated sediment at bioretention surface Excessive fines in bioretention media 39

40. Checking underdrains Check observation wells –Standing water in underdrain Underdrain is clogged and must be cleaned out –No standing water in underdrain Clog is somewhere in the bioretention soil 40

41. Soil Clogging To determine where bioretention media is clogged, dig a test pit Look for: –Sediment layer at surface –Accumulation of fines in gravel surrounding underdrain, or above geotextile filter fabric, if present –Excessive fines in soil media 41

42. Sediment at Surface Thin layers of sediment can be broken up by raking the mulch surface For excessive sedimentation, remove sediment and mulch, and till sand into upper 6-12 inches of soil media Eliminate sources of sediment (e.g. erosion within drainage area) 42 Photo Courtesy of Emily Ayers

43. Fines in soil media Usually caused by unapproved material substitutions during construction 43 Sticks together = Too much clay Photo Courtesy of Emily Ayers

44. Fines in soil media Sometimes can be corrected by installing sand wicks to the underdrain layer (vertical columns filled with sand) In severe cases, the media must be replaced 44

45. Minor repairs to structures Replace missing/broken inlet grates, observation well caps Repair cracked or chipped concrete inlets 45

46. Major corrective actions Major corrective actions will usually require the involvement of civil and geotechnical engineers, and will be handled by DDOT. 46

47. Maintaining Tree Spaces Contact DDOT arborists for tree identification and maintenance recommendations 47

48. Maintenance – Street Tree-Box Filter The maintenance requirements for street tree-box filters are similar to those of other bioretention devices, although less complicated Courtesy of Low Impact Development Center, Inc.

49. Maintenance – Street Tree-Box Filter Inspections Bimonthly If possible, conduct during or immediately after a rain event Debris removal: –Inspect system and clear drainage path of accumulated leaves, debris, and trash –Remove accumulated materials on the top layer of the soil media, test, and dispose –Inspect discharge pipe for clogging and clean if necessary

50. Maintenance – Street Tree-Box Filter Planting Maintenance Same maintenance as bioretention cells Soils Maintenance Same maintenance as bioretention cells Runoff bypassing the tree-box = clogged inflow area, or reduced infiltration properties of soil mixture Soils analysis, disposal requirements, and corrective measures are the same as bioretention cells For remediation assistance, contact Americast at (800) 999-2278 or (804) 798-6068 Graphic Courtesy of Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation

51. Maintenance – Street Tree-Box Filter First two years of maintenance typically included with the purchase of single and multiple-unit tree box filters –These would include removal of trash, debris and sediment, replenishment of the mulch, and care or replacement of plants Annual maintenance = $500 per unit (performed by the manufacturer) or $100 per unit (performed by the owner) (sample cost estimate based on the Filterra™ Stormwater Bioretention Filtration System.) Photo Courtesy of Filterra

52. Maintenance – Street Tree-Box Filter Corrective Actions Plants may have to be replaced because: –they have overgrown the filter –environmental stress –they are mistaken as weeds growing through the grate, and are removed Photo Courtesy of Filterra

53. Maintenance Schedule – Street Tree-Box Filter DescriptionFrequency 1) Overall system a) Inspect and clear drainage pathsEvery other month 2) Plants a) Water plant material for fourteen consecutive days after planting has been completed unless there is sufficient natural rainfall Immediately after completion of project b) Inspect for disease/pest problemsSpring/summer/fall c) Treatment of diseasesAs needed, refer to manufacturer d) Removal and replacement of all dead and diseased vegetation considered beyond treatment Spring and fall e) During times of extended drought, look for signs of stress. Water as needed. Summer f) Weed and prune excess growthSpring/summer 3) General a) During major rainstorms, inspect site and make sure that infiltration is occurring as expected. Every other month. b) Clear the top layer of soil of accumulated materialAs needed c) Clean the drainage pipesAs needed d) Seek remediation if infiltration function is not adequate after cleaning efforts As needed

54. Virtually maintenance free Periodic inspections of system components Most important - ensure spigot is set to slowly release the barrel’s water Maintaining rain barrels and cisterns Photo Courtesy of Robb Lukes

55. Inspections Bimonthly inspection: –rain barrel is free of debris –filtration screen and downspout not clogged –overflow system properly directing the water away from siding and foundations and not causing erosion problems –mosquito screen properly installed Once a year, wash the barrel with mild (preferably biodegradable) soap and water Graphic Courtesy of the Maryland DNR Green Building Program

56. Corrective Action There are few mechanical parts on cisterns or rain barrels Spigot, valve, and screen replacements can be ordered from the manufacturer Cracked rain barrel = replace rain barrel Large cisterns constructed out of materials such as metal or concrete may need repairs to walls by parging (for concrete) or welding (for metal) Corrective Actions Graphic Courtesy of the Texas Water Development Board

57. Maintenance Schedule – Rain Barrels & Cisterns DescriptionFrequency Make use of the stored water!Regularly Check for clogging of the entrance/outlet pointsEvery other month Check for proper diversion of the overflow systemEvery other month Check for proper installation of the mosquito screen Every few weeks in the summer Wash the barrel with mild soap and water Annually, preferably in the spring Prepare the system for winter conditionsPre-freezing

58. Primary maintenance requirement - clean the surface drainage voids Can be incorporated into regular street sweeping program Annual inspections Maintaining small permeable pavement installations Photo Courtesy of the Low Impact Development Center

59. Maintenance schedule Inspections Routine maintenance is key: –Conventional street sweepers equipped with vacuum sweepers and high-pressure water can used to restore permeability –Street sweeping frequency varies depending on drainage area inputs (leaf debris, erosion, etc.). An active street sweeping program in the site’s drainage area will also help to prolong the functional life of the pavement –If necessary, add additional gravel chips to fill pore spaces after vacuum sweeping In case of localized settling, individual paver blocks can be removed, new gravel added, and the blocks replaced

60. Preventive maintenance Restrict use by heavy vehicles Limit use of de-icing chemicals and sand Implement stringent sediment control plan Failure of systems: –poor design –inadequate construction techniques –low permeability soils –heavy vehicular traffic –resurfacing with nonporous materials Photo Courtesy of the Low Impact Development Center

61. Maintenance Schedule Permeable Pavers DescriptionFrequency Initial InspectionsMonthly for first several months following construction Vacuum sweeping and high pressure hosing 4 times/year Encourage active street cleaning in the site’s area Regularly Annual inspectionsYearly, after large storms Fill potholes and cracksAs needed Address spot-clogging problems by drilling holes As needed

62. Maintenance – Permeable Pavement Routine Maintenance Similar to permeable pavers Recommended: Vacuum sweep twice per year Photo Courtesy of the New York City Department of Transportation Photo Courtesy of JJ Harrison

63. Maintenance – Permeable Pavement Corrective Action Fill potholes and cracks with permeable patching mixes Fix spot clogging by drilling ~0.5-inch holes through the porous pavement layer every few feet Graphic Courtesy of Cahill Associates

64. Review Regular preventive maintenance of bioretention cells is important to sustain optimal performance When problems arise, corrective maintenance is needed Minor corrective maintenance can be performed by trained landscaping contractors 64

65. Resources DDOT Bioretention Maintenance Schedule 2013 District of Columbia Stormwater Management Guidebook (http://ddoe.dc.gov/swregs)http://ddoe.dc.gov/swregs Low Impact Development (LID) Construction and Maintenance Guidance Manual, Version 1.0. DDOE. 2009. (http://ddoe.dc.gov/riversmarthomes)http://ddoe.dc.gov/riversmarthomes Field Guide to Maintaining Rain Gardens, Swales, and Stormwater Planters. Oregon State University. (http://extension.oregonstate.edu/stormwater/sites/ default/files/fieldguide.pdf)http://extension.oregonstate.edu/stormwater/sites/ default/files/fieldguide.pdf 65