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Published byChester James Modified over 9 years ago
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Electronic Tagging and Tracking By Barbara Stickel SCM 330: Ocean Discovery through Technology
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Background ► Fish tagging and recovery began in 1873 in Maine
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Background ► Data retrieval depended on recapture ► Provided information on: homing rates ages growth rates migration routes ► But nothing about behavior or habitat needs
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Electronic Tagging and Tracking ► Microchip technology developed early 1980s ► Cost Effective and Compact ► Two systems in use: acoustic telemetry archival (data storage) devices
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Archival Tags ► Developed in 1990s ► Expensive ► Miniature computers, with clocks and various integrated sensors ► Data from sensors recorded at pre-set time intervals and stored in tag ► Physical recovery necessary to retrieve data
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Archival tags ► Record and store: Date Time Swim depth Water temperature Body temperature Light levels (for estimate of approximate daily position) (CLICK HERE)CLICK HERE
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Pop-Up Archival Tags ► Developed to improve data recovery ► Detach at pre-set time ► Rise to surface ► Transmit data via satellite
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Listening: Hydrophones ► Retrieve and hold data ► Can be moored in arrays spanning thousands of miles ► Array spacing dependent on tag signal strength
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Hydrophone Arrays ► Hundreds of animals being tracked in CINMS ► Learning community structure and how ecosystem works Anacapa Island is surrounded by two rings of hydrophones for continuous coverage
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Acoustic Receivers ► Many sizes, shapes and models
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Acoustic Tags ► Micro-controllers and low-power memory chips ► Record wide range of data over long period of time physiological behavioral environmental
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Acoustic Tags ► Ultrasonic (30 to 300 kHz) frequency range (optimum propagation in sea) ► Transmit data to satellites ► Some with external antenna that turn on when exposed to air
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Acoustic Tags ► Sensors for: body temperature tail beat heart rate swimming depth water temperature minute-by-minute position velocity mortality
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Pingers -- Simplest form of acoustic tags Simplest form of acoustic tags Transmit continuous sound Transmit continuous sound
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New: Passive Integrated Transponder (“PIT”) Tags ► Rice-sized device with microchip ► Inexpensive ► Simple to insert ► Remote readout capabilities based on ultrasound waves
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PIT Tags ► Developed as low-cost way to track escaped farm salmon ► Hydrophones detect tags in passing animals
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Limitations ► Marine environment: Battery and switch failure Water damage ► Fouling: A.Acoustic tag attached to Caribbean leatherback turtle for 12 days – barnacle already settled near salt-water contact B.Acoustic tag attached to Mediterranean loggerhead turtle for 6 months
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Limitations ► Biological challenges of free-ranging animals Larger tunas and marlins feed in warm surface water then dive suddenly, undergoing extreme temperature and pressure changes Predator may eat tag (or tagged fish) Tag can be lost, if implanted improperly Tagged fish may never again frequent area where hydrophones are located
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Conclusion With the proper equipment and a little luck, we should be able to construct a comprehensive, community-based view of the underwater world
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