1. Gender Competency Training for Medical Educators 28 th of April 2003 Evidence of gender difference and its clinical significance Ann-Maree Nobelius Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Australia

2.  women are the major consumers of health care  women are the primary decision makers in family health care  women are the major consumers of prescription drugs

3.  2/3 of all pharmaceuticals used to treat both men and women have only been tested in men  2/3 of all diseases that affect men and women have only been researched in men  women have only made up 7% of all cardiac research subjects

4.  more developed medical research systems in countries with white populations of European genetic origins  greater levels of funding in these countries with white populations of European genetic origins  the teratogenic risk associated with involving women in clinical trails while in their reproductive years and potential longer-tem outcomes for offspring

5.  Of these categories of difference gender is the largest and most obvious  more than 50% of the world’s population are women  more or less you are either one or the other on the basis of biological difference

6.  NIH in the US has recognised the significance of gender blindness in research and its clinical consequences  instituted a policy of requiring research of disease that affect both men and women to include gender as a variable of research  allocates funding in line with this policy  resulting in increasing numbers of publications citing difference even where none is found  This information has profound consequences for clinical practice

7. Columbia University’s Journal of Gender Specific Medicine http://www.mmhc.com/jgsm/

8. Some of the areas of difference that are important for clinical practice:  Coronary heart disease  Cardiovascular disease and arrhythmia  Brain differences including number of neurons and plasticity  Differential addiction times  Responses to pain medication  Eating and digestion  Differential drug metabolism  Differential treatment of dyslipidaemia  Differential carcinogenic and toxic effects of tobacco smoke

9.  Differential risk of lung cancer  Differential HIV viral loads and treatment options  Depression from a genetic level  Sex hormones and cognitive function  Differential dietary treatment for obesity  Gender differences in pre-pubertal children  Differential lifetime medical costs  Cataract Surgery  Stress responses and the sympathetic nervous system (Taylor et al, in Psychological Review July 2000, Vol 107. No.3 p411-429)