1. From Therapy with Music To Music Therapy A Brief Historical Review

2. Music Therapy Music and music experiences as tools for healing, growth, & development Music and music experiences as tools for healing, growth, & development Primary Elements: Primary Elements: –Client –Therapist –Music –A Process

3. Why Music Therapy? Ancient physicians recognized that music affected human beings’ moods, energy levels, emotions… Ancient physicians recognized that music affected human beings’ moods, energy levels, emotions… Aristotle (catharsis), Plato (tx for the soul), etc. prescribed music for patients with physical & mental illnesses Aristotle (catharsis), Plato (tx for the soul), etc. prescribed music for patients with physical & mental illnesses Moral view: some types of music were considered better than others for treating “Melancholy” and for “building character” Moral view: some types of music were considered better than others for treating “Melancholy” and for “building character”

4. Very Early Europeans & Non-Europeans Spiritual/Religious Healing Spiritual/Religious Healing –Placate gods & exorcize demons –Trance states (Shamanic approaches) –Sick person did not play- others provided musical stimulus for the Shaman- Shaman communicates with a god or gods to learn how to best treat the patient –Drumming and chanting

5. Greeks: Rational Medicine 4 Humours: Balance 4 Humours: Balance –Blood –Phlegm –Yellow Bile –Black Bile This theoretical view lasted 2000 years!; into the 1600s

6. The Rise of Catholicism Dichotomy: Power! And (vs.) compassion Dichotomy: Power! And (vs.) compassion Power dictated what was good & right Power dictated what was good & right Compassion dictated that ill persons should be offered some form of tx Compassion dictated that ill persons should be offered some form of tx EXCEPT mental illness! EXCEPT mental illness! –Devil/demon possession –Shunned, ridiculed, tortured, killed Music for prayer and worship- to “heal the sick”Music for prayer and worship- to “heal the sick” Church controlled quality of “good” music- down to the specific use of musical elements (e.g., tri- tone)Church controlled quality of “good” music- down to the specific use of musical elements (e.g., tri- tone)

7. Medicine & Music- 1600s-early 1900s Advanced Societies: Advanced medicine Advanced Societies: Advanced medicine Music & Medicine linked Music & Medicine linked –Microscope invented: cells discovered and studied –Physicians were upper class- studied music- valued music for altering moods, bringing joy, positive pastime endeavor, etc.

8. Science: Music & Medicine Part Ways 1800s forward 1800s forward Mind & Body are viewed as separate Mind & Body are viewed as separate Likewise, Likewise, –Musicians were musicians –Physicians were physicians

9. Enlightenment regarding treatment for Atypical persons Education reforms- (Industrial Revolution) Education reforms- (Industrial Revolution) 1832 Perkin School for the Blind 1832 Perkin School for the Blind –Music programming Early 1900s- attempts to bring music programming into medical hospitals Early 1900s- attempts to bring music programming into medical hospitals

10. WWII: Shell Shock (PTSD) Musicians working in VA hospitals Musicians working in VA hospitals Menninger Clinic: Kansas Menninger Clinic: Kansas E. Thayer Gaston (music educator) E. Thayer Gaston (music educator) 1944 Michigan State- 1 st Music Therapy degree program 1944 Michigan State- 1 st Music Therapy degree program 1946 U. of Kansas- 1 st internship 1946 U. of Kansas- 1 st internship

11. Music Tx as an Organized Profession 1950 MENC meeting 1950 MENC meeting Birth of the National Association for Music Therapy (NAMT) Birth of the National Association for Music Therapy (NAMT) Behavioral medicine philosophical stance- to seek acceptance from the medical community Behavioral medicine philosophical stance- to seek acceptance from the medical community –Pendulum swing…….

12. Important Acronyms to MEMORIZE! 1950: NAMT (National Association for Music Therapy) 1950: NAMT (National Association for Music Therapy) –Curriculum-based training –1956 RMT (Registered Music Therapist) A professional designation- NOT a credential A professional designation- NOT a credential 1971: AAMT (American Association for Music Therapy) 1971: AAMT (American Association for Music Therapy) –Competency-based training –CMT (Certified Music Therapist) Professional Designation Professional Designation

13. Reunification: 1998 (NAMT+AAMT) = AMTA AMTA AMTA –“Your” American Music Therapy Association –Competency-Based Training

14. The MT-BC Credential 1986: CBMT (Certification Board for Music Therapists) 1986: CBMT (Certification Board for Music Therapists) MT-BC (Music Therapist-Board Certified) MT-BC (Music Therapist-Board Certified) –Board Certification Exam –CMTE (Continuing Music Therapy Education) 100 hours/5 year cycle- or retake the Exam 100 hours/5 year cycle- or retake the Exam

15. Music Therapy Journals: Tools for Research and Practice 1964- JMT (Journal of Music Therapy) 1964- JMT (Journal of Music Therapy) –NAMT/AMTA publication –Juried –Empirical Research 1980- Music Therapy 1980- Music Therapy 1984- Music Therapy Perspectives (MTP) 1984- Music Therapy Perspectives (MTP) –NAMT/AMTA publication –Juried –“Information Sharing”

16. Journals continued… Nordic Journal of Music Therapy Nordic Journal of Music Therapy British Journal of Music Therapy British Journal of Music Therapy Canadian Journal of Music Therapy Canadian Journal of Music Therapy Australian Journal of Music Therapy Australian Journal of Music Therapy New Zealand Journal of Music Therapy New Zealand Journal of Music Therapy The Arts in Psychotherapy The Arts in Psychotherapy Voices- Online International Journal Voices- Online International Journal Musictherapy.org- online resources Musictherapy.org- online resources Etc… Etc…

17. Currently… Established Models: Established Models: –CMT (Creative Music Therapy: aka Nordoff- Robbins Music Therapy) –AMT (Analytic Music Therapy) –GIM (Guided Imagery and Music) Rise of Medical Music Therapy Rise of Medical Music Therapy Private Practice evolves… Private Practice evolves… 2000: Temple University- 2000: Temple University- –1 st “pure” PhD in Music Therapy in U.S. Advanced Competencies… Advanced Competencies…