1. Dr. A.Tabatabai Sonohysterography in abnormal uterine bleeding

2. using sterile saline solution as a negative contrast medium in conjunction with traditional transvaginal ultrasound. you can image the uterine cavity and evaluate the tubal patency.

3. it is advantageous over hysteroscopy that it can scan the uterus, ovaries and pelvis at the same time imaging the uterine cavity.

4. Abdominal or transvaginal sonography can identify myomas and thickened endometrium but is unable to differentiate between the potential etiologies of thickened endometrium,, polyps, submucous myomas, and homogenously thickened endometrium. In combination with endometrial biopsy, it can identify anatomic problems and abnormal pathologic findings.

5. At transvaginal ultrasonography, the finding of a thickened central endometrial complex, with or without cystic changes, is often nonspecific.

6. catheter The Thickened endometrium may be a polyp

7. CYST POLYP well-defined, homogeneous, isoechoic to the endometrium With polyps the endometrial-myometrial interface is preserved The Thickened endometrium may be a polyp

8. endometrium

9. broad-based, hypoechoic, With myomas the endometrial- myometrial interface is distorted The Thickened endometrium may be a Submucosal leiomyomas

10. sonohysterography can accurately depict the percentage of the fibroid that projects into the endometrial cavity

11. A B Endometrium thickness = A-B diffuse thickening of the echogenic endometrial stripe without focal abnormality The Thickened endometrium may be an endometrial hyperplasia

12. + + The Thickened endometrium may be a Secretory endometrium

13. Endometrial cancer is typically a diffuse process, but early cases can appear as a polypoid mass Endometrial cancer

14. sonohysterography, allows identification of intracavitary lesions and focal or diffuse endometrial abnormalities and helps determine whether an abnormality is endometrial or subendometrial.

15. to direct the patient to a visually guided hysteroscopic procedure rather than a potentially unsuccessful blind biopsy procedure. At transvaginal US, when the endometrium cannot be accurately measured or when there is a nonspecific thickened central endometrial complex, sonohysterography can provide additional information and can be used to direct the patient to a visually guided hysteroscopic procedure rather than a potentially unsuccessful blind biopsy procedure.

16. New Zealand Guidelines Group Transvaginal ultrasound and transvaginal sonohysterogram are both more accurate in diagnosing the location of fibroids than hysteroscopy [A].

17. low-tech low-cost Well tolerable Effective no radiation exposure

18. Adverse Events Discomfort Cramping( minor ) 33.3% Laughhead&stones Pain (menstrual like ) (sever pain ) 11.5% Cecinilli et al Infection 2.5% Dubinsky et al

19. To compare the effectiveness of an Investigatory procedure assessing the endometrium. Hysteroscopy with biopsy is regarded as the "gold standard" Effectiveness

20. In 10 studies where sonohysterographic findings were compared with surgical findings and histological assessment (hysteroscopy +biopsy OR hysterectomy ) it was found that SIS has high Sensitivity and specificity for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. Sensitivity 94.9% Specificity 89.3% Effectiveness (level II evidence)

21. 85100 50 2000 Dijkhuizen 85100 39 1998 Williams 91 87 104 1998 Schwarzler 76 99 109 1997 Bernard 100 34 1997 Keltz 10096 47 1996 Wolman 100 96 130 1995 Widrich 94100 58 1993 Parsons 100 14 1993 Syrop 97 96 1992 Bonilla-Musoles Specificity %Sensitivity %nYearAuthor

22. It benefits clinical decision making, as up to 40% of patients will avoid diagnostic hysteroscopy. Effectiveness

23. How it works

24. only preparation necessary was for the patient to empty the bladder. How it works

25. A speculum, is used to expose the cervix, which was then cleansed with an iodine swab

26. Various catheter types may be used, including : 5-F catheter, with or without an occlusive balloon pediatric feeding tubes, insemination catheters, Goldstein sonohysterography catheter

27. A catheter, is important to be flushed with sterile saline solution before being inserted to prevent the introduction of echogenic air bubbles.

28. The catheter can be inserted through the side of a standard speculum, rather than down the channel, for easier removal of the speculum.

29. Advancement of the catheter was aided by grasping the end of the catheter 2 to 3 cm from the tip with a ring forceps and gently feeding it through the cervical os to position the tip beyond the endocervical canal. The speculum was then carefully removed while the catheter was left in place.

30. the covered transvaginal probe was inserted into the vagina, and continuous scanning in the Sagittal and coronal or transverse planes was performed during instillation of sterile saline solution. only 2–5 mL are actually needed to distend the cavity adequately

31. Cervical leakage is common, and it is helpful to have two 20-mL syringes of saline solution available for the procedure.

33. The most common indication for SIS is abnormal bleeding in pre- and postmenopausal patients.

34. SIS delineates masses or defects in the uterine cavity.

35. SIS distinguishes between focal lesions and global endometrial thickening.

36. There is no contraindication to SIS in Non-pregnant, non- infected women who are bleeding.

37. Steps should be taken to avoid uterine lavage propelling cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity. using low pressure infusion by avoiding the use of balloons in women at risk for cancer.

38. The studies show that the use of SIS will benefit clinical decision making, with up to 40% of patients avoiding diagnostic hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy is a more invasive procedure, and is associated with significant financial cost, as well as physical discomfort.

39. MSAC (The Medicare Services Advisory Committee) recommended that on the strength of evidence pertaining to saline infusion sonohysterography, public funding should be supported for this procedure as a second-line diagnostic procedure for abnormal uterine bleeding, when findings from transvaginal ultrasound are inconclusive.

40. TVS and SHG offer a cost-effective alternative to diagnostic hysteroscopy in the evaluation of patients aged 40 years or older with abnormal uterine bleeding. The authors concluded that their study suggests that SIS is a more sensitive test than diagnostic hysteroscopy for evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding. Saidi M H, Sadler R K, Theis V D, Akright B D, Farhart S A, Villanueva G R. Comparison of sonography, sonohysterography, and hysteroscopy for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 1997;16(9):587-591.

41. Sonohysterography was in general the most accurate test. Its diagnostic accuracy was markedly superior for polypoid lesions and EH, with total agreement with the gold standard. In diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions, SHG had limited accuracy, similar to that obtained by HSG, with a high false-positive diagnosis rate. Fertil Steril. 2000 Feb

42. Saline infusion sonohysterography is more accurate in diagnosing submucous fibroids and endometrial polyps in the patients of abnormal uterine bleeding than is TVS. TVS should be included in the standard protocol for the management of AUB. Saline infusion sonohysterography should be reserved for those patients who have centrally located fibroids as they may be submucous. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Nov

43. Conventional transvaginal pelvic sonography does not appear to be a screening procedure of sufficient diagnostic value in the symptomatic patient with abnormal vaginal bleeding. In patients presenting with the chief complaint of abnormal vaginal bleeding, diagnostic evaluation with a saline hysterosonogram may be warranted despite normal findings on a transvaginal pelvic sonogram. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Jan

44. Thank you