1. Boats Project #6 Introduction to Transportation

2. Objectives After completing this activity, students will be able to: After completing this activity, students will be able to: Review the effects of gravity and friction on marine vehicles Review the effects of gravity and friction on marine vehicles Review different types, shapes, and designs of boats and why they are used Review different types, shapes, and designs of boats and why they are used Research different boat building materials and what makes them float Research different boat building materials and what makes them float

3. Objectives State the processes involved in creating a Sail Boat that must travel the full distance of the trough in under 5 seconds using wood and being propelled by a fan on medium speed. State the processes involved in creating a Sail Boat that must travel the full distance of the trough in under 5 seconds using wood and being propelled by a fan on medium speed. Using the Wind Tunnel, test your boats drag and aerodynamics. Using the Wind Tunnel, test your boats drag and aerodynamics.

4. Content We have all either been in or have seen boats before. This project is meant to inform you and educate you about different types and uses of boats. It is also a chance for you to come up with a way for your sail to grab as much wind to help it propel itself down the trough. We have all either been in or have seen boats before. This project is meant to inform you and educate you about different types and uses of boats. It is also a chance for you to come up with a way for your sail to grab as much wind to help it propel itself down the trough.

5. Effects of Gravity and Friction What role does Gravity play on your boats? What role does Gravity play on your boats? Answer: Answer: Gravity is a pulling force, pulling everything towards the center of the earth. When it comes to any type of vehicles you can’t get rid of gravity. Boat manufacturers know it is there and are forced to work around it.

6. Effects of Gravity and Friction What role does Friction play on a boat? What role does Friction play on a boat? Answer: Answer: Friction on a boat is everywhere. When you are floating with the engine off or pulling some friends on a wakeboard, friction is doing a job on your boat. Since you can’t eliminate friction, there are ways to reduce it. For example, putting special gel coats on the outside hull of the boat makes a nice glossy surface. Friction on a boat is everywhere. When you are floating with the engine off or pulling some friends on a wakeboard, friction is doing a job on your boat. Since you can’t eliminate friction, there are ways to reduce it. For example, putting special gel coats on the outside hull of the boat makes a nice glossy surface.

7. This glossy surface allows the water to slide easier along side the hull and out the back. Water is all around the hull of the boat, dragging it back as you are trying to make it go forwards. What are some other ways to reduce boat friction?

8. Designs and Shapes of Boats Hull Designs And Uses Boat designs encompass a vast range depending on the specific use for which the boat is planned. Boats are basically designed in two categories: Boat designs encompass a vast range depending on the specific use for which the boat is planned. Boats are basically designed in two categories: Displacement vessels are designed to move through the water with a minimum of propulsion. They will have a large underwater profile and will ride comfortably although slowly. Trawlers and large sailing vessels are displacement vessels. Displacement vessels are designed to move through the water with a minimum of propulsion. They will have a large underwater profile and will ride comfortably although slowly. Trawlers and large sailing vessels are displacement vessels.

9. Designs and Shapes of Boats Planing vessels, however, are designed to actually rise up and ride on top of the water when power is applied. They require considerably more horsepower to get the boat up but they can attain much higher speeds from the reduced friction of moving on top of the water rather than through the water. Planing vessels, however, are designed to actually rise up and ride on top of the water when power is applied. They require considerably more horsepower to get the boat up but they can attain much higher speeds from the reduced friction of moving on top of the water rather than through the water.

10. Designs and Shapes of Boats Flat-bottom boats The one thing you can say about flat-bottom boats is that with their large bottom area, the boat is very stable in calm weather. Characteristically, however, the flat, broad bow area creates a rough ride. These boats are usually limited to low horsepower motors because they don't handle well at high speed. Flat-bottom boats are greatly suited for fishing in skinny water from the Susquehanna River to the Florida Keys, where a very shallow draft is a must. The one thing you can say about flat-bottom boats is that with their large bottom area, the boat is very stable in calm weather. Characteristically, however, the flat, broad bow area creates a rough ride. These boats are usually limited to low horsepower motors because they don't handle well at high speed. Flat-bottom boats are greatly suited for fishing in skinny water from the Susquehanna River to the Florida Keys, where a very shallow draft is a must.

11. Designs and Shapes of Boats Early in our nautical history, boats were powered by wind or by hand- stroked oars. Early boat designers found that boats went faster, and were easier to steer, if the bow was pointed. They also soon discovered that by lowering the center of gravity, the high sail masts had better balance, and usually kept the boat upright even in bad weather. Early in our nautical history, boats were powered by wind or by hand- stroked oars. Early boat designers found that boats went faster, and were easier to steer, if the bow was pointed. They also soon discovered that by lowering the center of gravity, the high sail masts had better balance, and usually kept the boat upright even in bad weather.

12. Designs and Shapes of Boats

13. Displacement, planing hulls These early boats were constructed with "displacement" hulls. This means that the hull would push through or cruise through the water. The proper propeller for a displacement hull is one with a lower pitch when powered by an outboard or stern drive. With the advent of mechanical power came boats with "planing" hulls, which lift the boat partially out of the water to skim on the surface. Today, it's sometimes difficult to tell the difference between the two, but there are slight differences. Propellers on boats with planing hulls often are not fully submerged, so they need to provide holding ability as well as higher pitch and rake, because of higher top-end speeds. These early boats were constructed with "displacement" hulls. This means that the hull would push through or cruise through the water. The proper propeller for a displacement hull is one with a lower pitch when powered by an outboard or stern drive. With the advent of mechanical power came boats with "planing" hulls, which lift the boat partially out of the water to skim on the surface. Today, it's sometimes difficult to tell the difference between the two, but there are slight differences. Propellers on boats with planing hulls often are not fully submerged, so they need to provide holding ability as well as higher pitch and rake, because of higher top-end speeds.

14. Designs and Shapes of Boats

15. Round-bottom hull,"V" bottoms The round-bottom boat has mostly a displacement hull and is usually used for dinghies, tenders, and some car-top boats. This boat style is usually easier to maneuver at slow speeds than the flat-bottom boat. The round-bottom boat has mostly a displacement hull and is usually used for dinghies, tenders, and some car-top boats. This boat style is usually easier to maneuver at slow speeds than the flat-bottom boat.

16. Designs and Shapes of Boats The "V"-bottom boat is probably the most common hull design. Most manufacturers of boats built today use modifications of this design. This design offers a good ride in rough water as the pointed bow slices forward and the "V"-shaped bottom softens the up- and-down movement of the boat. The degree of the angle of the "V" is called "dead rise." As the "V" shape extends to the back of the boat, it usually flattens out until it all but disappears at the transom. Some "V"- bottom boats have a flat surface at the very bottom called a "pad." This pad allows a little more planing surface and at the sacrifice of a little softness in the ride, but this addition increases top speed. The "V"-bottom boat is probably the most common hull design. Most manufacturers of boats built today use modifications of this design. This design offers a good ride in rough water as the pointed bow slices forward and the "V"-shaped bottom softens the up- and-down movement of the boat. The degree of the angle of the "V" is called "dead rise." As the "V" shape extends to the back of the boat, it usually flattens out until it all but disappears at the transom. Some "V"- bottom boats have a flat surface at the very bottom called a "pad." This pad allows a little more planing surface and at the sacrifice of a little softness in the ride, but this addition increases top speed.

17. Designs and Shapes of Boats

18. Tri-hull, tunnel hull Tri-hull, tunnel hull There are many boats in Pennsylvania waters that are a distinct modification of the "V"- bottom that are called tri-hulls and cathedral hulls. The tri-hull boat is the traditional "V" hull with additional outside hulls. This design is more stable than the "V"-bottom at rest, but it gives a rougher ride in choppy water because of the increased surface at the bow. There are many boats in Pennsylvania waters that are a distinct modification of the "V"- bottom that are called tri-hulls and cathedral hulls. The tri-hull boat is the traditional "V" hull with additional outside hulls. This design is more stable than the "V"-bottom at rest, but it gives a rougher ride in choppy water because of the increased surface at the bow.

19. Designs and Shapes of Boats Tunnel boats have been designed to trap a cushion of air beneath the hull to reduce drag on the outside hulls. This design is different from a catamaran bottom because the inner edges of the outside hulls have sharp corners to improve the handling of these boats at very high speeds. Many race boats are constructed with tunnel hulls and are sometimes called "hydroplanes." Tunnel boats have been designed to trap a cushion of air beneath the hull to reduce drag on the outside hulls. This design is different from a catamaran bottom because the inner edges of the outside hulls have sharp corners to improve the handling of these boats at very high speeds. Many race boats are constructed with tunnel hulls and are sometimes called "hydroplanes."

20. What is a Seat Belt? Answer: According to the web page: http://www.crash- worthiness.com/injury/seat-belt.html Seat belt injuries can occur when a defective seat belt fails to adequately protect a vehicle passenger in the “second collision” phase of an automobile accident. There are thought to be two collisions in an auto accident. The first collision is the vehicle's impact with another vehicle or object. The second collision is the passenger's impact with the interior of the vehicle, or in cases of ejection, impact outside the vehicle. http://www.crash- worthiness.com/injury/seat-belt.htmlhttp://www.crash- worthiness.com/injury/seat-belt.html

21. Seat Belts The purpose of a seat belt is to minimize the injuries and damage caused in a second collision by reducing or eliminating injurious occupant contact with the vehicle's interior. Seat belt injuries often occur when there is a seat belt design, production, or installation defect. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that more than 2.9 million people suffered seat belt injuries in 2002. In that same year almost 43,000 people died as a result of seat belt injuries. The percentage of passengers who wear seat belts is at a record high in our nation at 79 percent. The number of people wearing their seat belt who suffer from serious seat injuries indicates that seat belt defectiveness is often the cause of damage in these accidents. In twenty percent of all rollover accidents seat belt failure is a main contributory factor to serious injury.

22. Seat Belts Although seat belts do save a lot of lives there are a few times when they didn’t work properly as you just heard. Restraint is important to minimize the injury caused by the second impact. For this project, we will be using eggs to represent humans and you will be devising your own seat belt to restrain the egg to the pine frame. You may use string, wire, elastics, other types of strapping material. You cannot cover the egg with fabric to hold it down, the egg must be exposed showing the seat belt. Don’t tape the egg down either as the tape might rip the shell off when you take it out to show me if it survived.

23. Seat Belts Your vehicle with the egg on it restrained by your seat belt will be sent down a ramp into a wall. If your seat belt works you egg will stay in the vehicle and not break. You must also make a body for your vehicle out of cardboard. It doesn’t have to look like a specific vehicle but rather a general type. The top of your vehicle has to be open so you can get your egg out and back in without having to take the body off. Cardboard needs to be along all four sides but not the top.

24. Roll Cage and Roll Bars What is a Roll Cage? Answer: The next stage in stiffening the chassis is usually adding a roll cage. Though primarily a safety feature, roll cages are welded or bolted to the chassis in several places which adds to the chassis' resistance to twisting. There are numerous styles of roll bars and roll cages.

25. Roll Cage and Roll Bars What is the difference between a Roll Cage and Roll Bars? Answer: The difference between a roll bar and cage is the complexity of the structure, and its scope of protection. Generally, the roll bar's purpose is only to provide a crush resistant structure above the driver's head. This is usually a single bar with support bars to have four points of contact with the car chassis for strength (a two-point roll bar is useless for racing). A roll cage is a more complete structure designed to protect the driver from all sides. Obviously, the latter is safer, but may be impractical for the dual purpose street car as it will require significant modification to the car's interior panels.

26. Roll Cage and Roll Bars For this project you will be starting with your block of pine and creating a custom roll cage to protect your egg. You already have a seat belt design that will need to be modified if it didn’t work. You will then get a three foot long piece of 1/8” copper rod that you will use to solder together your custom roll cage. Your roll cage must be attached to your block of wood. You may also attach your roll cage to the body of your vehicle. The roll cage must be up at least a ¼” above your cardboard body. This is done to prevent you from using your cardboard body instead of the roll cage to protect the egg.

27. Bumpers What is a Bumper? Answer: A bumper is a shield made of steel, aluminum, rubber, or plastic that is mounted on the front and rear of a passenger car. When a low speed collision occurs, the bumper system absorbs the shock to prevent or reduce damage to the car. Some bumpers use energy absorbers or brackets and others are made with a foam cushioning material

28. Bumpers Bumpers What is the purpose of a bumper? Answer: The car bumper is designed to prevent or reduce physical damage to the front and rear ends of passenger motor vehicles in low-speed collisions. Automobile bumpers are not typically designed to be structural components that would significantly contribute to vehicle crashworthiness or occupant protection during front or rear collisions.

29. Bumpers Bumpers It is not a safety feature intended to prevent or mitigate injury severity to occupants in the passenger cars. Bumpers are designed to protect the hood, trunk, grille, fuel, exhaust and cooling system as well as safety related equipment such as parking lights, headlamps and taillights in low speed collisions

30. Bumpers What are Federal Regulations for bumpers? Answer: 49 CFR Part 581, "The bumper standard," prescribes performance requirements for passenger cars in low-speed front and rear collisions. It applies to front and rear bumpers on passenger cars to prevent the damage to the car body and safety related equipment at barrier impact speeds of 2½ mph across the full width and 1½ mph on the corners.

31. Bumpers This is equivalent to a 5 mph crash into a parked vehicle of the same weight. The standard requires protection in the region 16 to 20 inches above the road surface, and the manufacturer can provide the protection by any means it wants. For example, some vehicles do not have a solid bumper across the vehicle, but meet the standard by strategically placed bumper guards and corner guards. Information from the web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/studies/Bumper/Index.html

32. Bumpers The third stage of your project consists of your vehicle having a bumper attached to it. You will be cutting dowel rods, attaching small springs to them and putting them into holes drilled in the front of your vehicle. You will then attach a custom bumper of your design to the dowels. We will send these vehicles down a ramp and into another vehicle coming down an opposing ramp. If your bumper, roll cage, and seat belt do their jobs your egg should survive the impacts.

33. Materials Scrap wood Scrap wood Pine Pine Metal Rod 1/8” diameter OR ¼” Dowel Rod Metal Rod 1/8” diameter OR ¼” Dowel Rod Wood Glue/ Hot Glue Wood Glue/ Hot Glue Supplies from trays Supplies from trays Machines and tools Machines and tools

34. Challenge Each student working on their own will design, sketch, and construct their own Safety Vehicle using various materials and equipment in the Construction Lab. The Sketches are random ideas of your thoughts but there should be a minimum of 4. From those 4 sketches select 1, draw it in detail using a ruler and straight lines (no freehand drawing). Be sure to include dimensions on your Initial Drawings. When the project is complete you will be required to complete the evaluation form and do a Final Drawing. The Final Drawing compares what your Safety Vehicle ended up looking like (again, no freehand drawing, use rulers) to what you drew for your Initial Drawing. Your grade is broken down into 6 parts be sure to see the Evaluation part for further explanation. Each student working on their own will design, sketch, and construct their own Safety Vehicle using various materials and equipment in the Construction Lab. The Sketches are random ideas of your thoughts but there should be a minimum of 4. From those 4 sketches select 1, draw it in detail using a ruler and straight lines (no freehand drawing). Be sure to include dimensions on your Initial Drawings. When the project is complete you will be required to complete the evaluation form and do a Final Drawing. The Final Drawing compares what your Safety Vehicle ended up looking like (again, no freehand drawing, use rulers) to what you drew for your Initial Drawing. Your grade is broken down into 6 parts be sure to see the Evaluation part for further explanation.

35. Challenge Your grade for part 1 depends on how close to your Initial Drawing you constructed your Safety Vehicle. The closer it resembles your Initial Drawing, the better your grade will be. The more changes you make or extra pieces you add the lower your grade will be. The safety vehicle is a 12” piece of pine wood that you will drill two holes in for axles. You will then cut cardboard in the shape of your vehicle attaching it to the wood. Your vehicle must resemble a car, truck, or SUV. You cannot just make up a vehicle. It does not have to be as detailed as the Accuracy Cars but it has to look like a car, truck or SUV. Your grade for part 1 depends on how close to your Initial Drawing you constructed your Safety Vehicle. The closer it resembles your Initial Drawing, the better your grade will be. The more changes you make or extra pieces you add the lower your grade will be. The safety vehicle is a 12” piece of pine wood that you will drill two holes in for axles. You will then cut cardboard in the shape of your vehicle attaching it to the wood. Your vehicle must resemble a car, truck, or SUV. You cannot just make up a vehicle. It does not have to be as detailed as the Accuracy Cars but it has to look like a car, truck or SUV.

36. Challenge There are many different tests that will be conducted on your vehicle and you will have ample time to complete each before we test. Your grade for part 2 depends on your project being tested for a seat belt. You will cut a piece of wood 12” long x 4” wide. You will then drill two holes through the piece for your axle to fit through. Next you will drill a hole in the middle of your board being sure not to go all the way through it. It should be large enough to hold an egg crate in. Your egg will sit inside the egg crate which is in your board. Next you will be using up to 5 elastic bands to hold down your egg. The elastics are acting like a seat belt. The way you wrap them around your egg determines whether it will survive or not. We will then be rolling your project down a ramp and into the wall and see how your car does. Will it be too top heavy, front heavy, or side heavy causing your vehicle to flip over breaking the egg. Will your elastics hold the egg in safely or will it just pop out at impact.

37. Challenge For your Part 3 you will again sketch and draw an Initial Drawing with dimensions of a bumper design. You will have to create a bumper for the same vehicle. You will be drilling two 3/8” holes in the front of your vehicles being sure to make them only 4 inches deep. You will then insert two springs provided by me into the holes. You will then attach two dowel rods to the springs. Next you will be fabricating your own bumper design that you feel is the safest design. Your bumper must wrap around the front of the vehicle. Your bumper is not a plow or a spike or point. Finally your bumper must attach to the two spring loaded dowel rods.

38. Challenge When ready we put the egg in the crate holder again securing it with up to 5 elastic bands and send it down the ramp and into a wall in the hallway. The idea is to test different bumper ideas and prevent the egg from breaking. Your bumper must wrap around the front of the vehicle. Your bumper is not a plow or a spike or point. Finally your bumper must attach to the two spring loaded dowel rods. Once this part is completed you will have to do Final Drawing of your bumper plus the evaluation worksheet. For Part 4 is to sketch and draw a roll cage on a piece of paper being sure to include dimensions and details.

39. Challenge When you have created your safety vehicle you will be given a copper rod that is 3 feet long and 1/8” thick to create your roll cage. You will be bending and soldering this rod together and attaching it to your vehicle being sure to use up all 3 feet of the rod. Try not to cut it too many times to ensure you get all the strength. Also the cardboard sides cannot be higher than the roll cage. The roll cage must be at least a 1/4” above the cardboard body. We will then place an egg inside your roll cage and roll your vehicle down the stairs leading to the library. Your vehicle must travel the full distance of the stairs to receive credit. If it stops half way you must push it a little to keep it rolling. The idea is to prevent the egg from breaking and learning about stress points on a roll cage. Your egg will rest on a single egg crate holder. The holder is screwed to the vehicle and egg is held in with elastic bands, up to 5 if needed. When this part is completed you will have to do a Final Drawing of your roll cage and complete the evaluation worksheet.

40. Challenge At this point you will have a roll cage and a bumper on your vehicle. It is time to test your vehicles designs against the rest of the class and this is part 5. You are responsible for that egg at all times. The egg is considered broken if there is fluid from the inside of the egg on the outside of the shell or your project. If there is a crack in the egg but no fluid then you are still in. When ready we put the egg in the crate holder again securing it with up to 5 elastic bands and send it down the ramp and into a classmates project that is coming down the other ramp. You must however be able to take your egg out and put it back in every time you test your vehicle.

41. Challenge If you break your egg putting it in or taking it out of your vehicle it is counted as a broken egg and you are done in the competition, even if you won your match. This part of the project is going to focus only on the structural support of your vehicle. Your project also cannot weigh more than 1 pound with the egg in it. Remember to drill your axle holes first to ensure straight holes and evenly balance your car to ensure a straight run. There are no partners on this project; each student must make their own vehicle.

42. Challenge Your grade for part 6 is the vehicles when done cannot be smaller than 12” long x 4 ½” wide x 8” tall or larger than 12” long x 4 ½” wide x 10” tall. You will be automatically disqualified and receive a zero if it is smaller or larger in any or all of these dimensions. Be creative on this project and a nice design and creative effort will only increase your grade. You must do all work in class unless I give you permission to take it home. Good luck Your grade for part 6 is the vehicles when done cannot be smaller than 12” long x 4 ½” wide x 8” tall or larger than 12” long x 4 ½” wide x 10” tall. You will be automatically disqualified and receive a zero if it is smaller or larger in any or all of these dimensions. Be creative on this project and a nice design and creative effort will only increase your grade. You must do all work in class unless I give you permission to take it home. Good luck

43. Procedures Select the your favorite vehicle that isn’t too challenging to make Select the your favorite vehicle that isn’t too challenging to make Research it on the computer finding pictures Research it on the computer finding pictures Print off 2 copies of each: front view, side view, rear view, top view Print off 2 copies of each: front view, side view, rear view, top view Cut your pine wood, wood glue it together Cut your pine wood, wood glue it together Construct your vehicle Construct your vehicle Practice your vehicle as often as possible making any changes needed Practice your vehicle as often as possible making any changes needed

44. Evaluation Sketches and Initial Drawings are a separate grade worth 100 points Sketches and Initial Drawings are a separate grade worth 100 points There is a final drawing and an reflective worksheet that counts as a separate grade of 100 points There is a final drawing and an reflective worksheet that counts as a separate grade of 100 points See Attached Rubric See Attached Rubric Remember that there is no fooling around in the lab Remember that there is no fooling around in the lab Always wear your safety glasses or you will be removed from class Always wear your safety glasses or you will be removed from class

45. Evaluation Project stayed within the required dimensions Project stayed within the required dimensions Project survived seat belt phase Project survived seat belt phase Project survived the bumper phase Project survived the bumper phase Project survived the roll cage phase Project survived the roll cage phase Project survived more than 2 rounds against classmates Project survived more than 2 rounds against classmates Project looks like initial drawings with minimal changes Project looks like initial drawings with minimal changes Student shows above average effort Student shows above average effort Student shows above average safety skills Student shows above average safety skills 100 Points

46. Evaluation Project stayed within the required dimensions Project stayed within the required dimensions Project survived 2 out of 3 tests (roll cage, bumper, or seat belt) Project survived 2 out of 3 tests (roll cage, bumper, or seat belt) Project made it more than 2 rounds against classmates Project made it more than 2 rounds against classmates Project looks like initial drawing with moderate changes (noticeable) Project looks like initial drawing with moderate changes (noticeable) Student shows average effort Student shows average effort Student shows average safety skills Student shows average safety skills 75 points

47. Evaluation Project stayed within the required dimensions Project stayed within the required dimensions Project survived 1 out of 3 tests (roll cage, bumper, seat belt) Project survived 1 out of 3 tests (roll cage, bumper, seat belt) Project made it at least 1 round against classmates Project made it at least 1 round against classmates Project doesn’t look like initial drawings with very noticeable changes Project doesn’t look like initial drawings with very noticeable changes Student shows little effort Student shows little effort Student not allowed in class if not demonstrating proper safety skills Student not allowed in class if not demonstrating proper safety skills 50 points